Text 1. Nanolayers Make a Coating of Many Colours

Appendix 2. Extra Texts

Useful Phrases for Summary Writing

Appendix 1. Summary.

A summary is a short, concise method of stating the main idea and significant supporting (major) details of a reading selection or textbook chapter.

Should include: the main idea of the selection; the most essential supporting details or explanations; only the information you have read; objective and factual information from the reading; ¼ the length of the original essay; your own words and the use of paraphrasing.

Should not include: your opinion; what you think the author should have said; copied material or a string of quotes from the selection.

Writing a summary:

· Read the paragraph (text) looking for all the important ideas and facts.

Annotate:

· [Place in brackets the main idea].

· Underline key words and phrases that support the main idea.

· WRITE KEY WORDS IN THE MARGIN.

· Cross out any information that is not important.

· Make a map with the information you underlined and marked.

Main idea ______________

Major detail 1 ______________

Major detail 2 ________________

Major detail 3 ______________

· Write a summary that includes all the important information you have identified. Paraphrase – do not copy the exact words from the reading; try to put the information in your own words.

· The text (article) under the title «__» is concerned with/deals with/tells about/is about …. · · At the beginning of the text the author describes/dwells on/explains/ points out/characterizes/enumerates/ stresses/underlines….   · The article begins with the description of/the analysis of/ the review of/the characterization of/ the author’s opinion of …. · Then (after that, next) the author passes on to/goes on to say about/gives a detailed analysis (description) of …. · In addition (besides, moreover, further) …. · In conclusion (at the end of the article) the author underlines/criticizes/draws the conclusion that …. · The article ends with the analysis of …. · In short/to sum it up ….

Текст (статья) под заголовком «___» связан с/имеет дело с/рассказывает нам о/текст о ….   В начале текста автор описывает/подробно останавливается на/объясняет/ указывает/характеризует/ перечисляет/выделяет/ подчеркивает…. Статья начинается с описания/анализа/обзора/ характеристики/мнения автора о …. Затем (после этого) автор переходит к /продолжает рассказывать о/дает детальный анализ (описание) …. Кроме того, более того ….   В заключении (в конце статьи) автор подчеркивает/критикует/делает вывод, что ….   Статья заканчивается анализом …. Вкратце/суммируя ….

Researchers at Harvard University in the US have made a new type of optical coating that appears to change colour when its thickness is varied by just a few nanometres. The film, which is less than 20 nm thick, could be used to customize the colour of metal surfaces – a phenomenon that could not only be exploited to make pretty jewellery, but also a host of technologically advanced devices, including ultrathin light detectors and filters, displays, modulators and even solar cells.

Conventional dielectric optical coatings, which are a key component of almost every optical device, are typically made of layers of transparent (or «lossless») material, with each layer being at least a quarter wavelength of light in thickness. The new ultrathin optical coatings made by Federico Capasso's team are different in that they comprise nanometre-thick, and nearly opaque, highly light-absorbing dielectric materials, such as semiconductors. The researchers have shown, for example, that adding a 7 nm layer of germanium to the surface of a gold sample changes its colour from gold to pink. Adding another 4 nm layer makes it violet, and another 4 nm turns the coating dark blue (4 nm is less than 15 atoms thick).

The effect is similar to what we see when there is a thin film of oil of the road on a wet day and we see many different colours, explains Capasso. The colours appear thanks to interfering light waves as they pass through the oil into the water below and then are reflected back up. Some wavelengths of incident and reflected light constructively interfere with one another and are «boosted», while others destructively interfere and are absorbed.

(From www.physicsworld.com)

Дата добавления: 2015-01-03