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Task 8. Dark Energy




Task 7. Listen to OR watch the video and answer the questions. Only one answer is correct. Read the questions first.

Task 5. Read the introduction.

Dark matter

 

All the stars in a spiral galaxy rotate around a center– but to astronomers, the speed that each star travels wasn't making sense. Why didn't stars slow down toward the edges as expected? Don Lincoln explains how a mysterious force called dark matter is (possibly) the answer – and why the search for an answer matters.

 

Task 6. Make sure you understand these phrases:

― this observation was devastating

― to move leisurely

― galaxies should have torn themselves apart

― other options have been ruled out

 

 

1) The fact that we can see so many spiral galaxies using our telescopes tells us that they are both:

A spontaneous and short-lived

B common and stable

C hot and dangerous

D magnetic and bright

 

2) Stars at which distance from the center of the galaxy move the fastest according to predictions?

A Those closest to the center

B Those in the middle

C Those on the outer edge

D All the stars move at the same speed

 

3) The observation that the stars located far away from the center of a galaxy move too quickly was devastating because scientists began to doubt:

A Newton’s Theory of Gravity

B Theory of Motion

C mathematical calculations of mass of galaxies

D all mentioned above

4) What's the best description of dark matter?

A A watery substance that surrounds most galaxies that is unaffected by gravity and visible to visible light and all other form of electromagnetic radiation

B A vacuum that surrounds some galaxies that is affected by gravity and invisible to ultraviolet light and most other form of electromagnetic radiation

C A cloud that surrounds most galaxies that is affected by gravity and invisible by visible light and all other form of electromagnetic radiation

D A weighty dust that surrounds most galaxies that is affected by gravity and visible to visible light and most other form of electromagnetic radiation

 

5) Which is not true about dark matter?

A Its name comes from its inability to emit or absorb light

B It adds to the mass of the galaxy it surrounds

C It has not yet been directly observed

D The dark matter hypothesis has been proved beyond all reasonable doubt

 

 

Grammar 2

Infinitive as Complex Object (see Косарева, Сконечных)

Translation 2

In 1996, observations of very distant supernovae required a dramatic change in the picture. It had always been assumed that the matter of the Universe would slow its rate of expansion. Mass creates gravity, gravity creates pull, the pulling must slow the expansion. But supernovae observations showed that the expansion of the Universe, rather than slowing, is accelerating. Something, not like matter and not like ordinary energy, is pushing the galaxies apart. This "stuff" has been dubbed dark energy, but to give it a name is not to understand it. Whether dark energy is a type of dynamical fluid, heretofore unknown to physics, or whether it is a property of the vacuum of empty space, or whether it is some modification to general relativity is not yet known.

Part III “Space Exploration”

Lead-In 3

Methods of finding out about the Solar System and what is beyond it are: to use telescopes both ground-based and in orbit, to send unmanned space probes, to send manned spacecrafts. In your opinion, which method is the most dangerous? the cheapest? the most effective?

 

Listening 3




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