Expressing habitual actions

Writing 1

Word study

(i) Find all the words in the text which have a negative meaning, e.g. ‘inferior’.

(ii) Use a dictionary to find the corresponding adjective or noun for the following words:

NOUN	ADJECTIVE	NOUN	ADJECTIVE
strength	strong	tenderness
	inferior	passivity
emotion		fear
anger			neurotic

1. Stating conditions

Unless I do what she wants, she’ll leave me.

Look at the examples of excuses in the text. Try to think of two more on the same pattern:

‘If I……………………………., he/she will/won’t…………………………….’

‘Unless I………………………., he/she will/won’t…………………………….’

Complete the summary of the text Assertiveness Training:

The authors are trying to present a new technique called ….. which is designed to help people who …. inferior. These sorts of people find it difficult to …. They also tend to …. The sort of things they say as an excuse are: ‘If……….’

III. COPING WITH MOODS

Depression:

Whenever/If ever I feel depressed, I have a hot bath. Once I’ve soaked in it/done that for a few minutes, I’m all right again.

How do you cope with the following moods?

anger depression tiredness boredom

guilt loneliness fear

Choose suitable ‘cures’ from this list:

go to bed throw things at the wall

have something to eat have a hot bath

go to the library have a drink

shut myself in my room put my best clothes on and go out

telephone a good friend put my feet up and watch television

go the cinema go out and buy myself something

Make sentences like this:

Whenever/If ever I feel …, I …. Once I’ve …, I’m all right.

Suggest your own personal ‘cures’ if you like. (To do that, use Vocabulary Extention III.)

IV. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

Sigmund Freud was born in Moravia but moved to Vienna with his parents at the age of four. He is known as the inventor of psychoanalysis, that is to say, a method of treating people with mental or nervous illnesses. During treatment the patient is made to examine everything he can remember about his past life – often going back to childhood – which may have caused the illness. Freud’s theory was that these past experiences have been repressed, or held back, in the unconscious mind.

One way of explaining the concept of the conscious and the un-, or subconscious mind, is to think of an iceberg, one tenth of which is visible on the surface of the sea, but the remaining nine-tenths of which lie hidden in the deep, dark waters.

By bringing the sublimated experiences to the surface and out into the conscious mind, the patient and therapist can analyse all the different parts which make up the present psychological situation. In other words, they analyse or examine any anxiety complexes, phobias or obsessions that the patient may have. This deep analysis of past experiences, Freud believed, would help to cure the patient.

Freud’s major work is called The Interpretation of Dreams, a book which has had a revolutionary influence on 20^th century ideas. In it Freud expresses the theory that the unconscious mind tries to reach consciousness during sleep, through the process of dreaming. Through symbols and images, almost like a film, dreams realise or give vent to our unconscious fears and desires. Freud believed that the analysis of dreams could help us to understand our waking lives.

Defining by using other words.

1. Notice the different ways of defining the meaning of words and ideas in the text:

(i) ‘…that these past experiences have been repressed, or held back…’

‘ or ’ means ‘or in other words’ in this sense and is generally used with synonyms.

(ii) ‘…psychoanalysis, that is to say, a method of treating people…’

‘ that is to say ’ is generally used with longer explanations and can occur in mid-sentence. In making notes, it is abbreviated to ‘i.e.’

(iii) ‘…make up the present phychological situation. In other words, they analyse…’

‘ In other words ’ is generally used to rephrase an idea. It is usually placed at the beginning of a sentence.

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