Ichthyology

Lesson 4

1. Read the words.

Osteichthyes

cartilaginous fish

jawless fish

identifiable

Theophrastus

Indigenous

Renaissance

Specialization

Malacopterygii

Acanthopterygii

Branchiostegii

Chondropterygii

Plagiuri

2. a) Cover the right column and read the English words. Translate them into Russian and check your translation.

b) Cover the left column and translate the Russian words back into English.

majority of vertebrates skeletal fish cartilaginous fish jawless fish implements pursuit amphibious treatise indispensable

большинство позвоночных костные рыбы хрящевые рыбы бесчелюстные рыбы инвентарь, оборудование; утварь погоня земноводный, плавающий трактат 1) обязательный, не допускающий исключений 2) важный, необходимый

3. Read the words and put down their Russian equivalents:

marine ________________________________________

colloquial ______________________________________

estimate ________________________________________

prominent _______________________________________

furthermore ______________________________________

approximately ____________________________________

4. Put down the English for:

позвоночное животное

земноводный

начало

космополит

очищение

5. Translate the following words in writing.

Michael Barton

Aristotle

Mediterranean

the European Renaissance

Carolus Linnaeus

Peter Artedi

Linnaeus

Theophrastus

6. Give the four forms of the following verbs:

to learn, to equip, to use, to make, to include, to live, to study, to be, to divide, to have.

7. Read the text and retell it in Russian.

Ichthyology is the branch of zoology devoted to the study of fish. This includes skeletal fish (Osteichthyes), cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyes), and jawless fish (Agnatha). An estimated 25,000 fish species exist, comprising a majority of vertebrates. While a majority of species have probably been discovered and described, approximately 250 new species are officially described by science each year.

The practice of ichthyology is associated with marine biology and limnology. It is occasionally referred to as "fishiology", a colloquial term that university students in arts concentrations have sometimes confused with the word "physiology".

The study of fish receives its origins from the human desire to feed, clothe, and equip themselves with useful implements. According to Michael Barton, a prominent ichthyologist and professor at Centre College, "The earliest ichthyologists were hunters and gatherers who had learned how to obtain the most useful fishes, where to obtain them in abundance and at what times they might be the most available." These insights of early cultures were manifested in abstract and identifiable artistic expressions.

Aristotle incorporated ichthyology into formal scientific study. Between 335 BC–322 BC, he provided the earliest taxonomic classification of fish, in which 117 species of Mediterranean fish were accurately described. Furthermore, Aristotle observed the anatomical and behavioral differences between fish and marine mammals. Proceeding his death, some of his pupils continued his ichthyologic research. Theophrastus, for example, composed a treatise on amphibious fish. The Romans, although less devoted to the pursuit of science, wrote extensively about fish. Pliny the Elder, a notable Roman naturalist, compiled the ichthyological works of indigenous Greeks, including verifiable and ambiguous peculiarities such as the sawfish and mermaid respectively. Pliny's documentation was the last significant contribution to ichthyology until the European Renaissance.

The incremental alterations in navigation and shipbuilding throughout the Renaissance marked the commencement of a new epoch in ichthyology. The Renaissance culminated with the era of exploration and colonization, and upon the cosmopolitan interest in navigation came the specialization in naturalism.

The classification used within the Historia Piscium was invented by Carolus Linnaeus, the "father of modern taxonomy". His taxonomic approach became the systematic approach to the study of organisms, including fish. Linnaeus was a professor at the University of Uppsala and an eminent botanist; however, one of his colleagues, Peter Artedi, earned the title "father of ichthyology" through his indispensable advancements. Artedi contributed to Linnaeus's refinement of the principles of taxonomy. Furthermore, he recognized five additional orders of fish: Malacopterygii, Acanthopterygii, Branchiostegi, Chondropterygii, and Plagiuri. Artedi developed standard methods for making counts and measurements of anatomical features that are modernly exploited.

Therefore, it would take over a century until Charles Darwin would provide the intellectual foundation from which we would be permitted to perceive that the degree of similarity in taxonomic features was a consequence of phylogenetic relationship.

8. Word formation. Form words adding prefixes over-, un-.

Model: refine - over-refined, unrefined

9. Answer the questions.

1. Why is it important to learn the history of ichthyology?

2. What is the origin of the study of fish?

3. Who incorporated ichthyology into formal scientific study?

4. Why did the Renaissance mark the commencement of a new epoch in ichthyology?

5. Who contributed much to the development of ichthyology?

10. How many words about ichthyology can you match from memory? Look through the list.

fresh water

omission

metabolism

cell

language

a tail fin

gill

eggs

whale shark

aquaculture

holidays

city

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