Страдательный залог

• Залог (Voice) - это форма глагола, которая по­казывает, является ли предмет или лицо исполните­лем действия или же они испытывают на себе дей­ствие, выраженное глаголом. В английском языке существует два залога - активный и пассивный.

• Активный (действительный) залог (Active Voice) показывает, что лицо или предмет, выраженный под­ лежащим предложения, является исполнителем дей­ствия, которое выражено сказуемым.

She is listening to her favourite song.

My parents travel a lot.

We didn't catch any fish yesterday.

• Пассивный (страдательный) залог (Passive Voice) широко употребляется в современном анг­лийском языке. Как правило, пассивные конструк­ции используются, если нет необходимости называть исполнителя действия, который подразумевается из контекста или же ясен из той или иной ситуации.

Her two brothers were killed in the war.

The letter has been sent this morning.

Форма пассивного залога в английском языке об­разуется с помощью вспомогательного глагола be в нужной форме и причастия прошедшего времени смыслового глагола:

the Present Simple - is (am, are) done

the Past Simple - was (were) done

the Future Simple - will (shall) be done

the Present Perfect - has (have) been- done

the Past Perfect - had been done

the Future Perfect - will (shall) have been done

the Future in the Past - would be done

the Present Progressive - is (tan, are) being done

the Past Progressive - was (were) being done

В пассивном залоге не употребляются такие сложные времена, как Future Progressive, Future Pro­gressive in the Past и все формы Perfect Progressive.

В вопросительных предложениях первый вспо­могательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим.

Was it done? When was it done?

How has the work been done?

Who will the work be done by?

В отрицательных предложениях отрицательная частица not стоит после первого вспомогательного глагола.

The work was not done yesterday.

The fax has not been sent.

The fax won't be sent today.

The question is not being discussed now.

• Пассивный залог в английском языке употребля­ется, как правило, с переходными глаголами, то есть с глаголами, которые имеют после себя дополнение:

1. Ряд английских глаголов может иметь два дополнения - прямое и косвенное. Наиболее употребительными из них являются: to tell, to give, to offer, to show, to pay, to promise, to send, to teach, to allow, to ash, to answer, to forgive, to invite, to advise. Такие глаголы образуют двой­ные конструкции в пассивном залоге. A very good job was offered to me. = I was offered a very good job. He was promised a raise in the salary. = A raise in the salary was promised to him.

2. Большое число глаголов в английском язы­ке употребляется с дополнением, имеющим предлог. В таких случаях предлог занимает место после глагола в пассивном залоге.

Active: We sent for the doctor. - Passive: The doctor was sent for.

This film is much spoken about. – Об этом фильме много говорят.

The books were looked for everywhere, but weren't found. – Книги искали повсюду, но не нашли.

You are being made fun of. – Над тобой подсмеиваются.

Why is he always laughed at? – Почему над ним всегда смеются?

This dictionary is often referred to. – На этот словарь часто ссылаются.

Запомните!

look at - смотреть (на)

look for - искать

look after - ухаживать, присматривать

look through - просматривать

listen to - слушать

speak about - говорить (о)

take care of - заботиться

pay attention to - обращать внимание (на)

rely on - полагаться, рассчитывать (на)

3. Глаголы to explain (something to somebody), to point out, to announce, to dictate, to describe, to mention, to repeat, to suggest, to propose мо­гут образовывать только одну пассивную конструкцию.

The decision was announced to us.

The difficulty was explained to her.

A new plan was suggested to us.

• Глаголы to read, to sell, to wash, to clean, topeel, to crease, to break, to deform, to wear, to burn употребляются в форме активного залога, хотя и имеют пассивное значение.

This dress washes and wears well and doesn't crease.

Love stories sell well. Dry leaves burn well.

Такие глаголы, как to have, to chance, to happen, to seem, to appear, to lack, to become, to fit, to suit, to resemble не употребляются в пассивном залоге, так как они обозначают не действие (или процесс), а со­стояние лица или предмета.

This house lacks a big kitchen.

John resembles his father.

He has become a real professional.

С пассивными конструкциями часто употребляют­ся предлоги of, from, with, by.

I was interrupted by a loud knock on the door.

He was shot with a gun.

My country house is made of wood.

This pie is made from eggs, milk and flour.

Indefinite Passive

Страдательный залог времён группы Indefinite образуется:

to be + Participle II смыслового глагола

Глагол to be является вспомогательным и изменяется по време­нам, лицам и числам:

Present Indefinite Passive	am, is, are + Participle II
Past Indefinite Passive	was, were + Participle II
Future Indefinite Passive	shall be, will be + Participle II

Глагол в Passive Voice на русский язык переводится:

1. глаголом «быть» + краткая форма причастия страдательного залога (в настоящем времени глагол «быть» не переводится):

The letter was sent yesterday. Письмо было послано вчера.

2. глаголом с частицей - ся (-сь):

This problem was discussed last week. Эта проблема обсуждалась на прошлой неделе.

3. неопределенно-личным оборотом, т.е. глаголом в действитель­ном залоге 3 лица множественного числа, типа «говорят», «сказали»:

English is spoken in many countries. На английском языке говорят во многих странах.

4. глаголом в действительном залоге (при наличии исполнителя действия):

The case was considered by the city court last week.

Дело рассмотрел городской суд на прошлой неделе.

или:

Дело было рассмотрено городским судом на прошлой неделе.

Отрицательное предложение

Spanish isn’t taught at our university. В нашем университете не преподают испанский язык.

The students weren’t asked at the last lesson. Студентов не спрашивали на прошлом занятии.

Our colleague won’t be sent abroad. Нашего коллегу не отправят за границу.

Вопросительное предложение

1. Общий вопрос:

Is German taught at your university? Will she be sent abroad?

2. Специальный вопрос:

When was this letter sent? Who was this letter written by?

3. Вопрос к подлежащему:

Who was asked at the last lesson? How many letters were sent yesterday?

4. Альтернативный вопрос:

Was this letter sent yesterday or the day before yesterday?

5. Разделительный вопрос:

The students are usually given the textbooks, aren’t they?

She was told to leave, wasn’t she?

This film won’t be shown on TV, will it?

6. Отрицательный вопрос:

Weren’t you asked to tell the truth? Isn’t she paid for this work?

Примечание. Предлог by употребляется перед дополнением, если речь идёт о лице или предмете, совершившем действие. Предлог with ставится перед словом, обозначающим орудие или инструмент, посредством которого совершено действие:

The word was written on the blackboard by the teacher. Слово было написано учителем на доске.

The letter was written with a pencil. Письмо было написано карандашом.

При образовании вопросительного предложения не забудьте использовать предлог в конце предложения: Who was the word written by? What was the letter written with?

Exercises

1. Назовите третью форму следующих неправильных глаголов, переведите глаголы на русский язык.

To write, to give, to become, to find, to teach, to hear, to see, to speak, to read, to send, to take, to think, to know, to learn, to eat, to leave, to get, to go, to show, to make

2. Переведите на английский язык, обращая внимание на использование страдательного залога.

1. Pictures are usually looked at from a distance. 2. The child is very well looked after. 3. Some years ago the book was much spoken of/about. 4. I think this film will be spoken of/about. 5. Where are the flowers I wonder? They were sent for 2 hours ago! 6. The test must be written without a dictionary. 7. The article was referred to in some reports at the conference. 8. He never broke a promise in his life, he can always be relied on. 9. The date of the meeting will be agreed upon later. 10. Her textbook is highly spoken of.

3. Поставьте глаголы из скобок в подходящую форму: Present, Past or Future Indefinite Passive.

1. Tea (grow) in China and India.

2. Gravity (discover) by Isaac Newton.

3. Exams usually (take) at the end of each term.

4. Test (write) at the next lesson.

5. St. Paul’s Cathedral (design) by Sir Christopher Wren.

6. New theory (prove) several days ago.

7. Garlic (use) widely as a medicine.

8. She (send) abroad next month.

9. Bills usually (pay) once a month.

10. Sooner or later this plan (agree) upon.

4. Замените в предложениях действительный залог на страдательный.

Example 1: People speak English all over the world. – English is spoken by people all over the world.

Example 2: Beethoven composed this piece. – This piece was composed by Beethoven.

Example 3: They will send for a doctor immediately. – A doctor will be sent for by them immediately.

1. They teach different technical subjects at our university.

2. My parents gave a party in his honour.

3. She will show her new flat tomorrow.

4. The children always listen to his stories with great pleasure.

5. My friend will tell you the news later.

6. He didn’t take any notice of her.

7. Students write examination-papers at the end of the term.

8. All people laughed at him.

9. They make progress every day in the world of science.

10. The teacher won’t ask me at the next lesson.

11. The teacher didn’t allow the students to use a dictionary.

12. Did he speak about the trip last night?

13. When do you usually take examinations?

5. Замените страдательный залог на действительный, в некоторых предложениях вводя подлежащее (смотри второй пример).

1. The books were taken by John. John took the books.

2. The boxes were mailed yesterday. He mailed the boxes yesterday.

3. The two packages were opened by my secretary.

4. Our homework is corrected by our teacher.

5. Your textbook was found the day before yesterday.

6. That room wasn't cleaned carefully yesterday.

7. The test will be written by the students tomorrow.

8. Was that machine checked by the inspector?

9. Will that report be written by the same committee?

10. The mail is delivered to this office twice a day.

11. All of us were surprised by his frank attitude.

12. Was the repair work done by that mechanic?

13. He wasn't very much respected by the employees.

14. Grammar is always paid much attention to.

6. Задайте вопрос к каждому предложению, начиная со слова в скобках.

1. Our university was founded in 1950. (When)

2. He will be asked at the next lesson, because he missed all the lectures. (Why)

3. Each faculty is headed by a dean. (Who)

4. Different technical subjects are taught at our university. (What)

5. Your article will be published next week. (When)

6. Fifty students were admitted to the faculty last August. (How many)

7. Tickets to the theatre are usually booked in advance. (How)

8. My documents are kept in the safe. (Whose)

9. Special attention was paid to this phenomenon. (What)

10. Your children will be taken care of in our camp. (Where)

7. Переведите на английский язык, используя страдательный залог.

1. Студентам дали задание перевести текст на английский язык.

2. Эти учебники обычно берут в библиотеке.

3. Когда был основан наш университет?

4. На работу этого студента обратили внимание.

5. Кого пригласят на международную конференцию?

6. Данные предметы не будут включены в программу второго курса.

7. Когда было завершено строительство моста?

8. Эти тексты были просмотрены на прошлом занятии.

9. Все возможные методы работы используются нашими инженерами.

10. За цветами обычно ухаживает моя бабушка.

11. Когда будет продана ваша квартира?

12. Я точно помню, что деньги хранили в этом ящике.

13. Мистер Джонс – известный математик. На его учебники часто ссылаются.

Continuous Passive

Страдательный залог времён группы Continuousобразуется:

to be (в Present или Past Continuous) + Participle II смыслового глагола

Present Continuous Passive	am being, are being, is being + Participle II
Past Continuous Passive	was being, were being + Participle II

The documents are being typed at the moment.

are being typed – Present Continuous Passive

Документы печатают в данный момент.

These problems were being discussed by scientists for many months.

were being discussed — Past Continuous Passive

Эти проблемы обсуждались учёнымив течение многих месяцев.

Формы Future Continuous в Passive Voice нет, вместо нее употреб­ляется Future Indefinite Passive.

Времена Present и Past Continuous в Passive Voice употребляются в тех же случаях, что и в Active Voice.

Exercises

1. Замените в предложениях действительный залог на страдательный.

1. They are building a new concert-hall in our street. 2. The professor is examining our group. 3. The tourists were taking pictures of the Westminster Abbey, while the guide was telling the story. 4. The students are writing a test now. 5. Was he deleting your files when I saw him? 6. What scientist are you talking about? 7. At this moment she is showing our house to the new clients. 8. We were looking at the man with great surprise.

2.Поставьте глагол из скобок в правильную форму: Continuous Active или Continuous Passive.

1. Listen! The teacher (to explain) a new rule.

2. What you (to do) the whole evening yesterday? – I (to prepare) for the seminar on philosophy.

3. A new safety system (to install) now by our engineers.

4. Tomorrow from 9 till 2 the students (to take) exam in English.

5. Test-paper on Mathematics (to write) by the students when the dean entered the classroom.

6. The article (translate) into Russian now, it will be published soon.

7. What you (do) here? – I (look for) my textbook.

8. Listen! My favourite song (perform).

9. Why didn’t you come yesterday? – I was busy, I (prepare) for exam in maths.

10. When I saw the car, it (drive) at over fifty miles an hour.

11. I won’t be at home at this time; I (walk) my dog in the park.

12. Have they found the lost child? – No, he still (look for).

3. Какую страдательную форму глагола нужно использовать:

- Present Indefinite Passive или Present Сontinuous Passive?

1. Where are your friends? – They (show) around the city. 2. Many accidents (cause) by dangerous driving. 3. The witness (question) by the police inspector now. 4. The old motor-way (use) by many people, but it’s not very convenient, that’s why a new ring-road (build) in the city. 5. Beautiful furniture (make) at this factory. 6. Young people (give) a lot of advice by their parents. 7. You can’t use the printer now, it (fix). 8. Dinner usually (serve) at 1 a.m. 9. Wait a little! Dinner still (cook). 10. What are you doing here in the hall? – My room (clean). 11. This book often (refer to). 12. What question (discuss) at the moment? 13. He is such a nice chap. Why he so often (laugh at)?

- Past Indefinite Passive или Past Continuous Passive?

1. The novel “War and Peace” (write) by Tolstoy. 2. When they entered the auction-hall, this painting (sell). 3. He couldn’t go out as his suit and shirt (clean). 4. His friends (fine) for exceeding speed limit yesterday. 5. They (ask) many questions at the exam? 6. I didn’t realize at that moment that I (follow). 7. When America (discover)? 8. Many buildings (destroy) during the Great Fire in London. 9. We weren’t allowed to enter the hall, because it (air). 10. Our test-papers still (check), when we came two hours later. 11. When I entered the classroom, student Popov (examine). 12. The letter to their company (send) by fax an hour ago. 13. What film (demonstrate) in the lecture room now?

4. Переведите на английский язык, используя времена группы Continuous в Active или Passive Voice.

1. Что здесь делают эти студенты? – Они ждут декана.

2. Новые линии метро сейчас строят в разных частях Москвы.

3. Лекция длилась три часа, профессора слушали с большим вниманием.

4. В конце мая все студенты будут готовиться к экзаменам.

5. Какие вопросы сейчас обсуждаются?

6. Не разговаривайте так громко! Нас слушают.

7. Ему рассказывали новости, когда я зашёл в комнату.

8. Кого сейчас экзаменуют? – Сейчас отвечает студент Петров.

9. Я не могу понять, что он говорит.

10. Перевод готов? – Нет, текст ещё переводят.

Perfect Passive

Страдательный залог времён группы Perfectобразуется:

to have (в Present, Past илиFuture Perfect) + Participle II смыслового глагола

He has been asked at today’s seminar.

has been asked —Present Perfect Passive

Его сегодня спросили на семинаре.

The problem had been discussed when (by the time) he left the meeting.

had been discussed — Past Perfect Passive

Проблема (уже) была обсуждена, когда (к тому времени, как) он ушел с собрания.

The plan will have been worked out by the end of the week.

will have been worked out — Future Perfect Passive

План будет разработан к концу недели.

Времена Present, Past, Future Perfect в Passive Voice употребляются в тех же случаях, что и в Active Voice.

Exercises

1. Выберите правильный вариант.

1) The jumper (is / has been) washed several times, and it (wasn't /hasn't) shrunk.

2) Nylon (has / has been) produced since 1938 and today it (is / is being) found in many things.

3) The Houses of Parliament (were / have been) built between 1840 and 1857.

4) Scientists hope that a cure for cancer will soon (be / have been) found.

5) Each Concord (was / had been) built at a cost of 55 million pounds.

6) Boss says I will (be / have been) given a pay-rise next month.

7) By next year, everybody in the company will (be / have been) given a pay-rise.

8) She will (be / have been) informed about the results of the research as soon as it (is / will be) finished.

9) Wait for a while. He (is / is being) interviewed now.

2. Ответьте на вопрос: What do you think will have been done at our university (in our city) by 2020? Используйте глаголы to build, to create, to change, to reconstruct, to open, to close, to enlarge и другие.

2. Поставьте глагол из скобок в правильную форму: Perfect Active или Perfect Passive.

1. Why doesn’t she attend the seminars? – She (to be) ill for three weeks.

2. Hurry up! The lesson (to begin) by the time we come.

3. This letter (to write) by you yet? – Yes, I (to send) it already.

4. He told me he already (to finish) translating the text.

5. By next summer the swimming pool (to build) in this district.

6. Everything (to do) before the guests arrived.

7. Our son (to enter) the university this year.

8. The article (translate) by the end of the next week.

9. They received good results after they (to work) with this type of equipment.

10. How many phone calls you (to make) today? – I (to make) twenty phone calls by 3 p.m.

11. Two new engineers just (introduce) to the head of the department.

12. They told me that the new student much (speak) about.

3.Переведите на английский язык, используя времена группы Perfect в Active или Passive Voice.

1. Он поступил в университет в этом году.

2. Эксперимент уже завершён? – Да, он был завершён к 5 часам.

3. Он когда-нибудь был в Германии? – Да, он был там несколько раз.

4. Когда делегация прибыла, новое оборудование уже было установлено.

5. Этим прибором не пользуются с 1998 года.

6. Я переведу эту статью на английский язык к тому времени, как вы вернётесь в Мурманск.

7. Мы надеемся, что свойства этого вещества будут определены к началу следующего года.

8. Нам только что сообщили о результатах научного исследования.

9. Этот студент получил стипендию после того, как успешно сдал все экзамены.

10. Аспиранты завершили исследовательскую работу к концу семестра.

11. Вы видели новую лабораторию? – Да, её открыли к тому времени, как мы приехали.

12. Наш техник установит новую программу до того, как вы начнёте работу на компьютере.

Сводная таблица форм страдательного залога

to be (в необходимой форме) + 3-я форма глагола (Past Participle)

Время	Simple	Progressive	Perfect
Present	I He We	am is are	asked	I He We	am is are	being asked	I He We	have has have	been asked
Past	I He We	was   were	asked	I He We	was was were	being asked	I He We	had	been asked
Future	I He We	shall (will) will shall (will)	be asked	___________	I He We	shall (will) will shall (will)	have been asked
Future in the Past	I He We	would	be asked	____________	I He We	would	have been asked

• Формы Perfect Progressive отсутствуют.

Дата добавления: 2014-12-26