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Conclusion

Body

The body is the 'real' presentation. If the introduction was well prepared and delivered, you will now be 'in control'. You will be relaxed and confident. The body should be well structured, divided up logically, with plenty of carefully spaced visuals. Remember these key points while delivering the body of your presentation:

• do not hurry
• be enthusiastic
• give time on visuals
• maintain eye contact
• modulate your voice
• look friendly
• keep to your structure
• use your notes
• signpost throughout
• remain polite when dealing with difficult questions.

Use the conclusion to:

1. Sum up

2. Give recommendations if appropriate

3. Thank your audience

4. Invite questions

The following table shows examples of language for each of these functions. You may need to modify the language as appropriate.

Function	Possible language
1. Summing up	To conclude,... In conclusion,... Now, to sum up... So let me summarize what I've said. Finally, may I remind you of some of the main points we've considered.
2. Giving recommendations	In conclusion, my recommendations are... I therefore suggest/propose/recommend the following strategy.
3. Thanking your audience	Many thanks for your attention. May I thank you all for being such an attentive audience.
4. Inviting questions	Now I'll try to answer any questions you may have. Can I answer any questions? Are there any questions? Do you have any questions? Are there any final questions?

Questions are a good opportunity for you to interact with your audience. It may be helpful for you to try to predict what questions will be asked so that you can prepare your response in advance. You may wish to accept questions at any time during your presentation, or to keep some time for questions after your presentation. Normally, it's your decision, and you should make it clear during the introduction. Be polite with all questioners, even if they ask difficult questions. They are showing interest in what you have to say and they deserve attention. Sometimes you can reformulate a question. Or answer the question with another question. Or even ask for comment from the rest of the audience.

I. Checkpoints:

1.What kind of presentations do you know?

2. What are the main building blocks of a presentation?

3. What kind of equipment is usually used while giving a presentation?

4. What visual aids are advisable? Prove their significance.

5. What are the key points while delivering the body of the presentation?

II. Signposting is essential for a good presentation. It includes the phrase introducing parts of your presentation. In the table below match functions with useful expressions that you can use for signposting:

Signposting
Function	Language
1. Introducing the subject	D Where does that lead us? Let's consider this in more detail... What does this mean for ABC?
2. Finishing one subject...	E A good example of this is... As an illustration,... To illustrate this point...
3....and starting another	F We'll be examining this point in more detail later on... I'll come back to this question later in my talk... Perhaps you'd like to raise this point at the end... I won't comment on this now...
4. Analysing a point and giving recommendations	A I'd like to start by... First of all, I'll... Starting with... I'll begin by...
5. Giving an example	B Well, I've told you about... That's all I have to say about... We've looked at... So much for...
6. Dealing with questions	C Now we'll move on to... Next... I'd like now to discuss... Let's look now at...
7. Summarizing and concluding	H Firstly...secondly...thirdly...lastly... First of all...then...next...after that...finally... To start with...later...to finish up...
8. Ordering	G In conclusion,... Let's summarize briefly what we've looked at... Finally, let me remind you of some of the issues we've covered... If I can just sum up the main points...

III. Define whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the false ones.

1. An OHP is for the display of 35mm slides.

2. A document distributed to an audience is called a 'handout'.

3. There are only two ways in which we can modulate our voice.

4. Eighty percent of the information that we absorb is absorbed visually.

5. A barchart can be horizontal or vertical.

6. Active verbs are more powerful than passive verbs.

7. Signposting is a technique used only during the introduction of a presentation.

8. 'To rehearse' means 'to write'.

9. It is important to give as much information on a graphic as possible.

10. Indelible markers are intended for use with flipcharts, not whiteboards.

IV. Read the following dialogue and answer the questions to it. Dramatize the dialogue with your partner.

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