Тренировочные упражнения

Глаголы, выражающие долженствование

Долженствование выражается рядом модальных глаголов, за которыми непосредственно следует инфинитив (с частицей to или без нее). Особенности значения этих модальных глаголов показаны в следующей таблице:

Глагол	Значение	Перевод
Must/have to	необходимость совершить действие в силу обстоятельств	должен, вынужден
be to	необходимость совершить действие в связи с предварительной договоренностью или имеющимися планами	должен, обязан
should/ought to	совет, рекомендация	должен, следует

Например:

If we are to understand why water has the properties it does, we must take a look at the atom itself.

Если нам нужно понять, почему вода имеет свои свойства, мы должны взглянуть на сам атом.

То ensure a continuous supply of water, a well should penetrate many meters below the water table.

Для бесперебойного водоснабжения колодец должен быть на много метров ниже водного зеркала.

Сложные формы инфинитива широко используются с модальными глаголами. Пассивный инфинитив обозначает действие, которое может или должно произойти с подлежащим. Например:

The importance of climate in the affairs of man cannot be doubted. Никто не сомневается в важности климата для жизни человека.

Перфектный инфинитив после модальных глаголов употребляется по отношению к действиям в прошлом и придает сочетанию модального глагола и инфинитива особое значение в зависимости от модального глагола:

1. Can/could + перфектный инфинитив обозначает действие, которое могло произойти, но не произошло (упущенная возможность). Например:

We can have achieved better results.

Мы могли получить лучшие результаты.

2. May/might + перфектный инфинитив обозначает действие, ко­торое, возможно, имело место в прошлом (небольшая степень уверенно­сти). Например:

Contraction of the ocean water may have lowered the sea level by about 10 m.

Возможно, сжатие воды в океане понизило уровень моря на 10 м.

3. Must + перфектный инфинитив обозначает действие, которое, долж­но быть, имело место в прошлом (большая степень уверенности). Например:

This submergence must have been caused by a subsidence of the continent, a rise in the sea level, or a combination of the two.

4. Should/ought to + перфектный инфинитив содержит упрек относительно действия, произведенного в прошлом. Например:

The government should have adopted clear agricultural policy long ago.

Правительству следовало бы принять четкую аграрную политику еще несколько лет тому назад.

Упражнение 1.

Укажите предложения, в которых глагол to be выражает долженствование.

1. Many moisture variables are in meteorological use.

2. The lunar day is 24 hours and 50 minutes in duration.

3. The earth is rotating at great speed (1600 km/hr) rela­tive to the moon.

4. The meteorological stations are spaced uniformly.

5. The next step was to introduce an allowance for the difference in temperature at different levels.

Упражнение 2.

Переведите предложения, обращая внимание па модальные глаголы.

1. Energy may reach 30 m/s (65 mph) and more in gusts in Africa.

2. The wind shear must be strong to overcome the effect of the stratification.

3. Parts of the tropical zone can be very suitable for human occupation.

4. A charge separation must take place inside the thun­derstorm cloud.

5. Cloud thickness may be 3 km or more, probably giving some showers.

Упражнение 3.

Переведите предложения, содержащие ска­зуемые с модальными глаголами.

1. An air mass may be heated from below.

2. Similarly, but in reverse, it can be cooled from below.

3. Changes must also occur through increased evaporation.

4. Heating from below may be spread rapidly.

5. The abstraction of moisture by condensation or preci­pitation can also cause changes.

6. Large-scale lifting may result from forced ascent by a mountain barrier.

7. Horizontal inflow or outflow "near the surface has to be compensated.

8. Evapotranspiration losses from natural surfaces cannot be measured directly.

9. The speed has to be corrected because the instrument is not at the standard height.

Упражнение 4.

Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.

1. Certain features of global climate can be studied by physical models.

2. A lot of meteorological stations should be set up in the inner city.

3. Both dew-point and wet-bulb temperatures can be easily measured.

4. Generally, compromise solutions have to be found,

5. Every household should possess several thermometers such as
a room thermometer, an out-of-door thermometer, and a clinic or «fever» thermometer.

Упражнение 5.

Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения.

1. Some of the precipitated water may penetrate into deeper layers. A return to cold weather may arrest the snowmelt runoff.

2. An extraordinary storm can occur, and yet produce little runoff. In summer these rates can be as low as 0.1 inch per hour.

3. Acid rains may have been the cause of the death of fish at least in some of the lakes.

4. The annual flow data will also have to be taken into consideration.

5. Bridge crossings must be wide and high enough to clear the specified flood without causing backwater.

6. In extremely swift water it may be impracticable to sink the meter far below the surface.

7. Flood-forecasting services should be recognized as an essential part of flood management.

8. These insignificant water losses need not be taken into account.

9. The snowmelt measurements should have been made under different conditions.

10. If we are to find an acceptable solution to this problem, we shall have to carry out a great many more field studies.

11. The stream velocity values ought to be checked thoroughly.

12. Some of the water may have penetrated into deeper layers.

Упражнение 6.

Поставьте глаголы-сказуемые в следующих предложениях
в прошедшее и будущее время.

1. We can use another technique for analyzing the data obtained.

2. The problem must be solved as soon as possible

3. Researchers must find a reliable means of protecting populated areas from landslides.

Упражнение 7.

Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения.

1. For better accuracy annual rainfall should be measured at as many points as possible.

2. Fertilizers are to be used very carefully to avoid polluting adjacent streams.

3. River discharge data will also have to be analyzed thoroughly.

4. Allowance should be made for the silting of the reservoir.

5. Nearly all usable water in deserts is to be found almost exclusively underground.

Упражнение 8.

Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на модальные глаголы и их глаголы-заменители.

1. As a thought experiment, consider all the absorption by greenhouse gases happening in a thin layer of the atmosphere, which can effectively be thought of as a thin shell around the Earth.

2. Modeling studies might compare simulations with different levels of carbon dioxide, or an observational study might describe a slowly changing quantity, like sea-ice concentration, over a long period of time.

3. For this exercise, two lengths are crucial, but can be measured quite well: the distance between the Earth and sun and the sun's radius.

4. Combining these distances with the solar constant (Φ E = 1367 Wm − 2) can provide us with an estimate of the sun's effective surface temperature.

5. All this energy has to pass through the sphere defined by the radius of the sun as well, which means a shell with surface area 4π r 2 where r is the sun's radius.

6. In the case of Earth (as the "system"), this means that the energy coming in (the sunlight) must be balanced by outgoing radiation.

7. This incoming energy, sometimes called solar insolation or downward shortwave radiation, needs to be balanced. If it is not balanced by an equal loss of energy, then the temperature of the system must change (this is the 1st law of thermodynamics).

8. The photon can be reflected, which means that the path of the photon is reversed.

9. These are generic models, which can be specialized to simulate the ocean, atmosphere, or other fluid problems.

10. Radiative-convective models can be used to represent the global average atmosphere, a particular latitude (zone), or a particular location. The resolved dimension is vertical, so all the horizontal fluxes (like winds and advected scalars like temperature and moisture) must be passed to the column somehow.

11. The global temperature could rise by up to four degrees by the end of the century.

12. Almost everywhere on earth, the forestry industry will have to husband different types of trees than it has until now.

13. As scientists, we want to provide politicians with a decision paper that is as understandable as possible, and from which they can decide which measures ought to be politically implemented as urgently as possible.

Дата добавления: 2014-12-27