Тренировочные упражнения. Значения слов would/should

Значения слов would/should

Would используется в английском языке:

1) В предложениях будущего времени косвенной речи, когда слова автора стоят в прошедшем времени (по правилу согласования времен):

We decided that this question would have to await further research.

Мы решили, что этому вопросу необходимо дальнейшее исследование.

2) В сослагательном наклонении (бы):

The disappearance of Earth's ice cover would significantly alter the global climates.

Исчезновение ледяного покрова Земли привело бы к значительному изменению мирового климата.

В этих двух значениях наряду с would может использоваться should, в частности, если подлежащее выражено местоимением 1 лица (I, we).

3) Для передачи вежливых просьб, предложений, приглашений: Would you mind putting it in writing?

Напишите это, пожалуйста.

I'd like (would like) an orange, please.

Можно мне апельсин?

4) для передачи повторяемости действия в прошлом, которое уже не имеет место сейчас (при этом would переводится раньше, бывало):

About 8,000 years ago the greenhouse gases stopped following the pattern that would be predicted from their long-term behavior.

Около 8000 лет назад парниковые газы перестали следовать той модели, которая раньше предсказывалась по их долговременному поведению.

Should является также одним из модальных глаголов и употребляется в значении следует, должен:

Carbon dioxide is an important heat-absorbing gas, and an increase of its content should lead to higher atmospheric temperatures.

Углекислый газ является важным газом, поглощающим тепло, и увеличение его содержания должно привести к более высоким температурам.

Упражнение 1.

Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения.

1. At some time in the future the hydrogen supply of the sun will begin to run low, then a new ice age would be another catastrophe of slow kind.

2. The temperature equilibrium established between surface seawater and the air above it should mean that changes in the climate should be reflected in the changes in organisms living near the surface of the deep sea.

3. An extensive glaciation of the planet would cause considerable lowering of the sea level which in turn would uncover millions of square miles of new land in nonglaciated areas.

4. Milder winters in the middle of high latitudes means greater snowfall while cooler summers would bring a reduction in snowmelt.

5. And it was clear long ago that the part of carbon dioxide that went into the ocean would fundamentally alter the chemistry of the seawater.

Упражнение 2.

Переведите предложения, учитывая различ­ные значения глаголов should, would.

1. If the same meteorological event happened this winter, the smog would contain "only” 210 tons of smoke.

2. Suppose we have a roomful of very bad London fog as a specimen, this room would contain the combustion products: carbon monoxide, smoke, sulphur dioxide, hydrochloric acid and fluorine.

3. To pump in fresh air would require a pumping rate of 200.000 tons per minute.

4. To raise the air temperature in London by 1°C an hour would require 3 million megawatts.

5. It should be noted that wind speed is usually recorded in knots or as a Beaufort force.

6. Had a wave cloud been supercooled and become frozen the ice crystals would not have evaporated.

7. It should be borne in mind that condensation occurs with utmost difficulty in clean air.

8. It was originally thought that atmospheric turbulence by making cloud particles collide would cause a significant proportion to coalesce.

9. Had the air been cooled at constant pressure without addition or removal of vapour saturation would occur.

10. It was also suggested that large drops would grow at the expense of small ones.

11. In the absence of an atmosphere, the longwave radiation emitted to space would be exactly equal to the shortwave absorbed, and the surface temperature would be a chilly 255 K.

12. In the absence of an atmosphere, Earth would look a lot like a black body radiator; that is to say, the sun would shine on Earth, which would warm to an equilibrium temperature, and then a balance would be struck.

13. We cannot possible represent every atom in the climate system, it would essentially take the same number of electrons in the computer.

Упражнение 3.

Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на употребление глаголов should, would, might.

1. In many instances it would be desirable to determine the most important characteristics of an aquifer.

2. Aquifer analysis should be based on as many methods available, that are applicable to the test data.

3. This procedure should be routine in the western Canadian plains because there is generally some dip.

4. The period required to eliminate the holdover effect of extremely wet and extremely dry years should also be studied.

5. It might be thought that the regional snow line would coincide with the highest level to which the snow cover retreats at the end of the melting season.

Упражнение 4.

Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на использование would.

1. But 300 million years ago the land-masses that would later turn into North and South America, Africa and Eurasia first came together to form the supercontinent and then broke up.

2. It was obvious to us that even through a single leaf or plant made only tiny amounts of methane, these small bits would add up quickly because plants cover a substantial part of the globe.

3. If the temperature were the sole factor to determine whether or not a rock melts, the earth would be a molten ball covered with only a thin solid outer shell.

4. Without carbon dioxide and methane in the atmosphere current temperatures in the Northern parts of North America ad Europe would be cooler by 3 or 4 degrees Celsius.

5. A buildup of one or several gases in the atmosphere would slow down in the escape of heat into space and lead to an increase in the average temperature of the earth’s atmosphere.

6. A doubling of the preindustrial CO2 level of around 273 ppm to 550 ppm would raise the average atmospheric temperature by about 4 degrees Celsius.

7. The annual cost of electricity could increase by at least 1 billion dollars if the accuracy of weather forecasts improved by one degree.

8. On one hand, the presence of thick clouds should inhibit diabatic cooling and mitigate against downward motion. On the other hand, precipitation from decaying tropospheric anvils would cause diabatic cooling due to evaporation below the clouds.

Упражнение 5.

Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на сослагательное наклонение.

1. It’s likely that fewer stars would have formed and a higher fraction of our universe’s mass would still be in a gaseous state.

2. In 2001 no scientist would have factored in direct emissions of methane by plants because no one suspected that biological production of methane was possible.

3. The methane emissions by the plants have contributed to the natural greenhouse effect without which life wouldn’t be possible.

4. As we can expect methane emissions from vegetations to increase with temperature, this would lead to even more warming.

5. We would expect that in an area of the ocean/atmosphere interface the average temperature of the surface water of the ocean would approximate that of the contiguous atmosphere.

6. The importance of CO2 lies in the fact that it traps the portion of the radiation emitted by the earth and thereby keeps the air near the earth’s surface warmer than it would be without CO2.

7. It wouldn’t be amiss if we mention another version of the Caspian birth.

8. The advancing Indian plate, acting as what physicists would call a rigid indentor, has continually forced part of the Eurasian lithosphere out of its way.

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