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The History of Russian Customs

The current Russian word for Customs, tamozhnya, originated in the times of the Mongol-Tatar yoke. The word tamga, in Tatar, meant "a Customs tax, the official who collected it, and the stamped seal or statement verifying that it had been paid".

Each market had its tamozhnya, and the right to collect duties could be purchased from the State. This right was often acquired by powerful merchants.

The Russian Customs Service, however, predates even the Mongol Yoke. Some three centuries before, in Kievan Rus, taxes were collected for the transportation of goods through the frontiers of its individual princedoms.

Thus, Russia has had a Customs Service in some form for the past 1000 years. The first Russian Customs statute was handed down in 1667. It was strict towards foreigners, who were allowed to trade only in frontier towns on pain of confiscation. Every tsar, from Peter the Great to Nicolas II, approved laws limiting the import of foreign goods and defending Russian producers.

During the Soviet period foreign trade was strictly monopolized in the USSR and Customs neither had any significant function in the economy or played any important role.

Much was done to create Customs legislation in Russia in the period 1991–94. Two important laws were adopted: "The Customs Code of the Russian Federation" and "On Customs Tariff" All provisions and regulations in these documents are of the world standard.

Russia has the world's longest border to police, much of it newly created and has a modern, multi-functioning Customs Service. It carries out the same functions as the Customs of other developed countries: fiscal functions, regulation oа foreign trade by means of tariff and non-tariff methods, law enforcement, collection and keeping of customs statistics concerning foreign trade, etc.

2.2.1. Give the English equivalents of the following collocations:

fiscal function customs legislation non-tariff method

law enforcement tariff method foreign trade regulation

2.2.2. Find in the text the words which follow the verbs below:

to collect to keep out to approve to limit

to defend to bring to create to carry out

2.2.3. Find the words/phrases in the text which have the following meanings:

1) to give, to pass 5) function of public revenue

2) to show the truth of 6) benefit, profit

3) borders 7) to adopt (a law)

4) at the risk of 8) renewal of friendly relations

2.2.4. What words in the text mean:

a) to buy, to get

b) to keep safe, to guard

c) rule made by authority

1) The Russian Customs Service has been much more than...	a) the protection of the economic interests of the country.
2) Foreigners were allowed to trade only in frontier towns…	b) the internal economy and world market.
3) Every tsar approved laws defending…	c) a force for keeping out contraband.
4) Now the role of Customs is to be a guide for…	d) the world community.
5) The main task of the Russian Customs is...	e) market economy regulation.
6) The Customs tariff, in practice, is not an economic and trade…	f) Russian producers.

2.3. Be ready to talk about the main periods of the Russian Customs development using the information given below.

10^th century 16^th century December 14, 1924 December 19, 1928 October 25, 1991 August 4, 1985

Customs Service in Kievan Rus First Customs House in Novgorod the appearance of the Customs Charter introduction of the Trade Statute First Customs Code Customs Statute of the USSR first Customs Code of the USSR Decree "On the State Customs Committee of the Russian Federation" Decree by the President of the Russian Federation setting October 25 as Russian Customs Officer's Day

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