VIII. Oral Practice

VII. Language

Exercise 12. Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian:

Ancient occupation

The skills

To evolve

The first toolmakers

The forerunner

To refine

Irrigation system

The marvelous buildings

Practical application

Observation

Slave labor

The steam engine

The key figure

The mechanical advantage

Exercise 13. Complete the sentences. Find the ending of the sentences in the right column:

1. Engineering …. 2. It is based on …. 3. In ancient times engineering work was done …. 4. In the Middle Ages the methods and devices of work …. 5. In the 18^th century …. 6. Steam gave man …. 7. Since the 19^th century both scientific research and its practical application …. 8. In thr 20^th century the mechanical engineer had …. 9. the engineer has new and ….

a) many new sources of power such as electricity, gasoline, atomic power, etc. b) the Industrial Revolution began. c) One of the most ancient occupations in history. d) And much stronger materials to work with. e) By means of slave labor. f) Became more efficient. g) Theoretical sciences such as physics and mathematics. h) Great sources of energy. i) Have greatly progress.

Exercise 14. Fill in the table. Use the information from the text B:

Engineering specialty	Its forerunner	Its function
Mechanical engineer	Toolmakers who chipped arrows and spears from rock	To make tools and machinery
Mining engineer
Civil engineer
Metallurgical engineer

Exercise 15. Answer the questions:

1. Who were the forerunners of modern mechanical, mining and metallurgical, and civil engineers?

2. How is engineering often defined?

3. What kind of information were many of early branches of engineering based on? Give some examples.

4. Name two important factors in the explosion of scientific knowledge in modern times.

5. What made people in the Middle Ages in Europe begin to experiment with new devices and methods of work?

6. What was the historical result of experimentation with different kinds of energy?

7. Who was James Watt? Why did he devise the concept of horsepower?

8. What advantages have scientific research and its applications given to the mechanical engineer?

9. What energy sources have come into common use since steam engines were developed at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution?

Exercise 16. Explain:

a) what engineering professions are said about in the first passage;

b) what devices and machines are reported in the third passage;

c) what for the 19^th century is mentioned in the last passage.

Exercise 17. Give information about the development of engineering profession using the table:

The field of application	Nouns and noun combinations	Verbs	Adjectives
1. Specialists in different fields of techniques	Toolmaker Craftsman Mining engineer Metallurgical engineer Civil engineer		Efficient human
2. Machines and devices	Steam engine Device arrow	To erect To escalate To refine
3. Methods of investigations using for device calculations and subjects connected with them	Empirical information Observation Experience Mechanical advantage Horsepower Physics mathematics
4. Engineers activity in different branches		To discover To perform To provide To calculate To depend upon

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