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VII. Following are the five services provided by operating systems to the convenience of the users




VI. Fill in the Blanks.

File System

V. Ask the question to the sentences.

How OS are used:

1. OS perform jobs such as keeping track of files and directories, and controlling peripheral devices such as the printer, monitor, and keyboard.

2. Manufactures of peripheral devices, such as printers or monitors, provide programs called drivers that the OS uses to communicate with various hardware devices.

3. OS also manage resources for application. It provides a consistent way for applications to communicate with hardware so you can print documents on many types of printers.

4. OS help applications by performing system and file maintenance task.

5. OS is responsible for such system tasks as preparing the desktop, managing visual and audio effects, handling memory, and maintaining power settings.

6. OS controls access to files stored on disks and manages the amount of space the files can use.

7. The way an OS stores files on disk is called a file system. The file system regulates the types of names and other attributes a file can have and organize the files into folders arranged in hierarch, where a main folder can contain subfolders that contain files.

8. The file system allows you to find and retrieve files you store on a computer by keeping track of the files you can save an where you save them.

9. The file system also identifies sections of a disk that are not being used.

1. The way an operating system stores files on disk is called a ____________ system.

2. The Macintosh operating system is called ______________.

3. A(n) ________________ card allows a computer to run a program that was designed for a different operating system.

4. The tasks an operating system allows you to perform are defined by your _______.

5. The _____ operating system was developed by a group of programmers for AT&T.

6. Older _________ computers contain a processor manufactured by Motorola.

7. Manufactures of peripheral devices such as printers or monitors provide programs called _____ that enable the operating system to communicate with hardware devices.

8. The UNIX operating system is considered a(n) ______, portable operating system.

9. Both the IBM AIX system and Linux operating systems are based on _______.

10. Handheld operating systems and embedded operatingsystems also are know as __ operating systems.

Program Execution. The purpose of computer systems is to allow the user to execute programs. So the operating systems provide an environment where the user can conveniently run programs. The user does not have to worry about the memory allocation or multitasking or anything. These things are taken care of by the operating systems.

Running a program involves the allocating and deallocating memory, CPU scheduling in case of multiprocess. These functions cannot be given to the user-level programs. So user-level programs cannot help the user to run programs independently without the help from operating systems.

I/O Operations. Each program requires an input and produces output. This involves the use of I/O. The operating systems hides the user the details of underlying hardware for the I/O. All the user sees is that the I/O has been performed without any details. So the operating systems by providing I/O make it convenient for the users to run programs. For efficiently and protection users cannot control I/O so this service cannot be provided by user-level programs.

File System Manipulation. The output of a program may need to be written into new files or input taken from some files. The operating systems provide this service. The user does not have to worry about secondary storage management. User gives a command for reading or writing to a file and sees his/her task accomplished. Thus operating systems make it easier for user programs to accomplish their task. This service involves secondary storage management. The speed of I/O that depends on secondary storage management is critical to the speed of many programs and hence I think it is best relegated to the operating systems to manage it than giving individual users the control of it. It is not difficult for the user-level programs to provide these services but for above mentioned reasons it is best if this service s left with operating system.

Communications. There are instances where processes need to communicate with each other to exchange information. It may be between processes running on the same computer or running on the different computers. By providing this service the operating system relieves the user of the worry of passing messages between processes. In case where the messages need to be passed to processes on the other computers through a network it can be done by the user programs. The user program may be customized to the specifics of the hardware through which the message transits and provides the service interface to the operating system.

Error Detection. An error is one part of the system may cause malfunctioning of the complete system. To avoid such a situation the operating system constantly monitors the system for detecting the errors. This relieves the user of the worry of errors propagating to various part of the system and causing malfunctioning.

This service cannot allow to be handled by user programs because it involves monitoring and in cases altering area of memory or deallocation of memory for a faulty process. Or it may be relinquishing the CPU of a process that goes into an infinite loop. These tasks are too critical to be handed over to the user programs. A user program if given these privileges can interfere with the correct (normal) operation of the operating systems.

VIII. Identifying Different Operating Systems. OS provides an interface between the user or application program and the computer hardware. Fill in the table for: Personal Computer OS, Mobile OS.

    -Designed to work with one or more processors; -Windows – Intel processor; -Mac OS X- Older version use Motorola processors, newer version use Intel processors; -UNIX – used by scientist and programmers -Developed by AT&T -Multitasking portable OS -Command-line interface -Linux and IBM’s AIX are variations of UNIX
    -Also called Handheld OS or Embedded OS (resides on ROM chip) -These systems are smaller and generally less capable than desktop operating systems. -Smart phones -PDAs -Tablet computers -Mobile game players -Cameras -Personal Information Manger (PIM) – such as calendar and address book

Task 4 Can you write? Let’s do it!




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