Рurе and applied science

Read the text and explain when a hypothesis becomes a principle of science.

UNIT 3

Complete the following sentences.

Make up sentences using A-patterns in combination with B-phrases numbered below.

Use the words listed below to evaluate STUDY (INVESTIGATION, RESEARCH).

Initial, pioneer, previous, recent, current, present, further.

Experimental, theoretical; field, laboratory; integrated, multi-disciplinary; full-scale, extensive.

Technical; careful, detailed, thorough, profound, complete, comprehensive, fundamental; intense.

Encouraging, stimulating, promising; useful; fruitful, successful; interesting; fascinating.

A

We started our investigation hoping to

The laboratory undertook these studies in the hope of

The authors initiated those studies in the hope of

The purpose of this preliminary research is to

The chief aim of the present research is to

The present investigation is an attempt to

B

bring to light more facts about the precise nature of these changes; obtain experimental evidence for the hypothesis; make a contribution to this newly and rapidly developing field of research; obtaining further information on this phenomenon; establish atomic arrangements in crystals of unknown structure; filling in the gaps in our knowledge of these types of reactions.

a) At present there are many experimental studies of the effects of...

b) Numerous comprehensive investigations are now being carried out to reveal the causes of...

c) A study was initiated to determine the amount of...

d) We have already performed several preliminary investigations to establish...

e) The primary object of this fundamental research is to obtain some results which...

f) Carrying out this research we intended to demonstrate...

2.11. Nаme some studies (researches, investigations) or a particular study (research) of which you would say:

a)... led (have led) to the elucidation of...

b)... helped to clear up...

c)... resulted (has resulted) in...

d)... brought (have brought) about...

e)... provided a clue to...

f)... contributed to a better understanding of...

g)... adds (add, added, have added) to our knowledge of...

2.12. Give a detailed account of the study you have performed, mentioning, among other things, the nature of the problem, the purpose of the research, the overall results and con­clusions. This is meant as a presentation at the conference. Make use of the new words and expressions.

As students of science you are probably sometimes puzzled by the terms «pure» and «applied» science. Are these two totally different activities, having little or no interconnection? Let us begin by examining what is done by each.

Pure science is primarily concerned with the development of theories (or, as they are frequently called, models) establishing relationships between the phenomena of the universe. When they are sufficiently validated these theories (hypotheses, models) become the working laws or principles of science. In carrying out this work, the pure scientist usually disregards its application to practical affairs, confining his attention to explanations of how and why events occur.

3.2. Substitute the proper English words from the list below for the Russian words in brackets.

a) His research (привело k установлению) a new principle.

b) The success of the space research program (явился результатом соединения) the latest achievements in science and technology.

c) Using modern installations and techniques the scientists (удалось решить) a complicated engineering problem.

d) Pure science (стремится постичь) the laws of the material world.

e) Prof. E. was the first to see the advantages of the new approach and (настаивал на использования) it to interpret the results.

f) Adequate theories often (избавляли ученых от проведения) many useless experiments.

g) This group of engineers (ответственна за модернизацию)the laboratory equipment.

to aim at understanding; to be responsible for modernizing; to insist on making use of; to prevent scientists from making;

to result from combining; to result in establishing; to succeed in working out.

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