Sentence word order

THE FUNCTIONS OF THE PARTICIPLE IN A SENTENCE

FORMS AND FUNCTIONS

	Active	Passive
Indefinite Participle (Participle 1)	asking	being asked
Past Participle (Participle II)	asked	-
Perfect Participle	having asked	having been asked

(for Spelling Rules see Appendix 3; for Irregular Verbs see Appendices 1, 2)

Indefinite Participle (Active and Passive) shows that the action named by the Participle takes place at the same time with that of the finite verb. These forms denote simultaneous action in the present, past or future.

Do you see the child waving the flag?

That day we stayed at home watching TV.

In a few minutes the guests will be arriving wearing smiles and carrying presents.

Past Participle has no tense distinctions; it has only one form which can express both an action simultaneous with and prior to the action expressed by the finite verb. In most cases it denotes priority or refers to no particular time.

He is a man loved and admired by everybody.

The dog carried by the child gave a sharp yelp.

She took the long forgotten letter out of the bag.

Perfect Participle (Active and Passive) shows that the action named by the Participle preceded that of the finite verb. Its forms denote priority to a present, past or future action.

Having explained everything, I want to tell you how sorry I am.

Having finished the letter, he went to the post office.

Having settled the problem, you will find something new to worry about.

NB! A prior action is not always expressed by the Perfect Participle with some verbs of sense perception and motion: to see, to hear, to come, to arrive, to seize, to look, to turn, etc.

The Indefinite Participle is used even if priority is meant.

Hearing footsteps he rose and went to open the door.

Услышав шаги внизу, он встал и пошел открывать дверь.

The Participle has special forms to denote the Active and Passive Voice.

When writing letters, he doesn't like to be disturbed.

Being written in pencil, the letter was difficult to read.

Having written the letter, he went to the post-office.

Having been written long ago, the manuscript was impossible to read.

Adverbial Modifier

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Subject

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Predicate

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Object

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Adverbial Modifier

The Participle has two syntactic functions:

	An Attribute	An Adverbial Modifier
building	The young men building our house with me are my brothers. Молодые люди, которые строят наш дом вместе со мной, мои братья.	Не made his living building summer houses or garages for people. Он зарабатывал на жизнь, строя людям беседки и гаражи.
being built	The white stone house being built near the park is a new building of our Art museum. Белокаменное сооружение, строящееся у парка, – новое здание нашего музея изобрази- тельных искусств.	Being builtwith great skill and care, the mansion has been used by the family for centuries. Так как особняк был построен (будучи построенным) очень искусно, он служит семье уже несколько веков.
built	They are reconstructing the house builtin the 18th century. Они реставрируют здание, построенное в XVIII веке.	If built of the local stone, the road will serve for years. Если построить дорогу из этого местного камня, она будет служить долгие годы.
having built	–	Having built the house, he began building a greenhouse. Построив дом, он принялся за оранжерею.
having been built	–	Having been built of concrete, the house was always cold in winter. Так как дом был построен из бетона, в нем всегда было холодно зимой.

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