Stylistic use of int-n

Style – different manner of non-verbal expression. The choice of a speech style is situationally determined. Any act of verb.com-n is changed by certain int-nal peculiarities which depend on such extra-ling-c factors (effect the situation) as: 1) the purpose of com-n; 2) social setting of curc-s; 3) social identity of the speeker; 4) individual speech habits; 5) em-nal state of the speeker. An int-l style – a s-m of interrelated int-nal means, which is used in a certain social spere and serves the def-te aim of com-n.

Clas-n by Sh.Bally: 1) highly elevated style; 2) elaborate pron-n (тщательное); 3) slow coll.pron-n; 4) fluent coll.pron-n. Clas-n by Sokolova, Gintovt, Kanter: 1) inform-al – formal; radio, press; 2) scientific – accad.; 3) declamatory; 4) publicific; 5) conversational. Inform-n: intellectual, emotional, volitional.

28. There are 5 styles by Sokolova, 1.informational style (speech of announces, oral representation of any kind of information written text, formal conversation) 2.scientific, academic st (a lecture o a scientific subject reading aloud a piece of scientific prose) 3.publicistic st (public discurse on a political topic economic y etc) 4.conversational, familiar (the way of everyday communication) 5. declamatory (reading aloud any piece of prose o poetry)
Informational style:
1 a formal manner of presentation with occasionally interested оvertones and a number of hesitation and breath-taking pauses.
2 normal or increased loudness, moderate or rather slow rate (tempo of speech), varied pitch levels, ranges and intonation patterns.
3 businesslike, rather reserved voice timbre, systematic rhythm, the accentuation of the semantic centres through the use of expressive high falls and falling-rising tones, the use of several low falls within an intonation group and a phrase.
4 centralized accentuation, subjective isochrony contrasting with the rhythmicality achieved by the use of final categoric falls.
The academic style:
l The academic style represents the language of factual information, thus attitudinal and emphatic functions of intonation are of secondary importance here.
2 High falling and falling-rising terminal tones are widely used for logical and contrastive emphasis; the rhythmic organization of a scientific text is properly balanced by the alternation of all prosodic features.
3 The prosodic features of the academic-style reading are not greatly varied.
4 The phonostylistic characteristics of scientific discourse reading a overloaded with variations in tempo, loudness, pauses, pitch levels and ranges.
Publicistic style:
1intellectual and volitional information.
2 volitional and desiderative information.
3 attitudinal and emphatic meanings of intonation.
4 a combination of appropriate prosodic features which are realized in other phonostyles.
The declamatory style is called an artistic intonation style, the acquired style of the stage because:
l this style manifests itself in a written form of the language read aloud or recited.
2 attitudinal, volitional and intellectual functions of intonation come to the fore in this style, having the status of a style-ifferentiating value.
3 this style is performed on the stage, on the screen, on the radio, in a classroom.
4 this style is realized through all sorts of emotional and expressive devices requiring professional skills.
Conversational style:
1 Some pauses in the given context are used in places related closely to the grammatical structures.
2 The distribution of the pauses is correlated with falling terminal tones, the main factor of rhythmicality in informal English.
3 The pauses are made in between the words that mark the boundaries of phonetic wholes.
4 A number of pauses occur in appropriate places where they break the syntactic junctures in the given context.

29. Functional styles. There are 5 styles by Sokolova, 1.informational style (speech of announces, oral representation of any kind of information written text, formal conversation) 2.scientific, academic st (a lecture o a scientific subject reading aloud a piece of scientific prose) 3.publicistic st (public discurse on a political topic economic y etc) 4.conversational, familiar (the way of everyday communication) 5. declamatory (reading aloud any piece of prose o poetry)
Phonostylistic is a part of linguistics it studies the way phonetic means of the language function in various oral realizations. phonost is concearned with the study of phonetic expressive means from stylistic pint of view. Functional style is – complex of different varieties of speech realized in all kinds of extra linguistic situation.
Dialectology is a study of language that focuses on understanding dialects. It is part of a larger group of studies called sociolinguistics, which evaluates the many elements that shape communication in whole cultures or in smaller groups. When dialectologists study language they are principally concerned with identifying how the same language can vary, based on a number of circumstances. This does not simply mean pronunciation changes, but can also mean differences in word choice, spelling and other factors.

30. Intonation and language teaching
Prosody (Intonation) is a complex unity of sentence stress, rhythm, tempo, speech melody and voice timbre. Each syllable in a sense group is pronounced on a certain pitch level and bears a definite amount of loudness. Pitch movements are inseparably connected with loudness; together with the tempo of speech they form intonation patterns. Intonation patterns serve to actualize sense groups.
Intonation is a language universal. There is wide agreement among Russian linguists that on perception level intonation is a complex, a whole, formed by significant variations of pitch, loudness and tempo closely related. Some Russian linguists regard speech timbre as the fourth component of intonation. According to R. Kingdon the most important nuclear tones in English are: Low Fall, High Fall, Low Rise, High Rise, and Fall-Rise.
The sense group is a group of words which is semantically and syntactically complex.
In Phonetics actualized sense groups are called intonation groups.
Intonation patterns containing a number of syllables consist of the following parts:
the prehead
the head (the 1st accented syllable)
the scale (begins with the 1st acc.syll.)
the nucleus (the last acc.syll.) – is the most important part of the intonation pattern.
the tail – conveys no particular information
The parts of intonation patterns can be combined in various ways expressing different meanings and attitudes.
The more the height of the pitch contrasts within the intonation pattern, the more emphatic the intonation group is. The number of possible combinations is more than 100. But not all of them are equally important. That’s why the number may be reduced to fewer combinations that are important. Thus Prof. O’Connor gives 10 important tone-groups. Each intonation group has a communicative center (a semantic center). It conveys the most important piece of information. which is usually something new. The terminal tone arranges the intonation group both semantically and phonetically.
The functions of intonation:
constitutive (it presupposes the integrative function on the one hand when intonation arranges intonation groups into bigger syntactic units: sentences, syntactic wholes and texts)
delimitative (it manifests itself when intonation divides texts, syntactic wholes and sentences units that is intonation groups).
distinctive It is realized when intonation serves:
→ to distinguish communicative types of sentences (the communicatively distinctive function)
→ the actual meaning of a sentence (the semantically-distinctive function)
→ the speaker’s attitude to the contents of the sentence, to the listener and to the topic of conversation (the attitudinally-distinctive function)
→ the style of speech (the stylistically distinctive function)
the syntactically distinctive function (one and the same syntactic unit may be divided into a different number of intonation groups. This division may be important for the meaning).
→ the function of differentiating between the theme and the rheme of an utterance.
The rheme is the communicative center of an utterance. The theme is the rest of an utterance.
Each component of intonation has its distinctive function.
We should give preference to J.D.O.’ Connor and G.F. Arnold’s system, which has no fever then ten different nuclear tones. It’s quite sufficient for teaching pronunciation even to high-levelled learners. All the relevant pitch changes in the pre-nuclear part are indicated by arrows placed before the first stressed syllable instead of an ordinary
tress-mark: That isn’t as simple as it sounds. We believe it’s clear that this system deserves recognition not only because it reflects all relevant variations of the two prosodic components of intonation but also because it serves a powerful visual aid for teaching pronunciation.

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