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7. Высказывается интересная мысль о том, что даже ученые не всегда мыслят как ученые, подпадая под действие тех предрассудков, которые описаны в данной главе. CM. Greenwald, A. G., Pratkanis, A. R., Leippe, M.R., & Baumgardner, M.H. (1986). Under what conditions does theory obstruct research process? Psychological Review, 93, 216-229.
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27. Сравнение основано на: <Eating to lower your blood cholesterol>. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH Publication No. 87-2920, September 1987. Было показано, что насыщенные жирные кислоты - те, что содержатся в мясе животных и отдельных видах растительных жиров (в кокосовом, шоколадном, пальмовом и во всех гидрированных маслах), повышают уровень холестерола. Изготовители хлопьев иногда используют подобные жиры
в своих продуктах - особенно кокосовое, пальмовое и гидрированные масла. Чтобы исключить их, многие производители хлопьев в настоящее время заняты изменением состава своих продуктов - так что, перед тем как принять окончательное решение, какой именно сорт покупать, внимательно ознакомьтесь с тем, что написано на коробке.
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35. Darley, J.M., & Gross, P.ff. (1983). A hypothesis-confirming bias in labeling effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 20-33.
36. Hamilton, D.L., & Ross, T.L. (1980). Illusory correlation and the maintenance ofstereotypic beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 832-845.
37. Pratkanis, A.R. Личное сообщение.
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39. Park, В., & Rothbart, M. (1982). Perception of out-group homogeneity and levels of social categorization: Memory for the subordinate attributes of in-group and out-group members. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 1051-1068.
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58. Favo, R.H. (1986). How do attitudes guide behavior? In R.M. Sorrentino & E.T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition (pp. 204-242). New York: Guilford Press. Fa^io, R.H. (1989). On the power and functionality of attitudes: The role of attitude accessibility. In A.R. Pratkanis, S.J. Breckler, &A.G. Greenwald (Eds.), Attitude structure and function (pp. 153-179). Hilisdale, NJ: Eribaum.
59. Fa^io, R.H., & Williams, C.J. (1986). Attitude accessibility as a moderator of the attitude-perception and attitude-behavior relations: An investigation of the 1984 presidential elections. JoumalofPersonality and Social Psychology, 51, 505-514.
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61. Herr, P.M. (1986). Consequences of priming: Judgment and behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1106-1115.
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65. Ответы: стадион <Форбс> в Питтсбурге, Вильнюс и 4 июля 1826 года.
66. Jones, Е.Е., & Nisbett, R.E. (1971). The actor and the observer: Divergent perceptions of the causes of behavior. In Е.Е. Jones, D.E. Kanouse, H.H. Kelley, R.E. Nisbett, S. Valins, & B. Weiner (Eds.), Attribution: Perceiving the causes of behavior (pp. 79-94). Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press.
67. CM: Jones, Е.Е., Rock, L., Shaver, K.G., Goethals, G. R., & Ward, L.M. (1968). Pattern of performance and ability attribution: An unexpected primacy effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 10, 317-349. McArthur, L. (1972). The how and what of why: Some determinants and consequences of causal attribution. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 22, 171-193. Nisbett, R.E., Caputo, C., Legant, P., & Marecek, J. (1973). Behavior as seen by the actor and as seen by the observer. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27, 154-164.
68. Storms, M.D. (1973). Videotape and the attribution process: Reversing the perspective of actors and observers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27, 165-175.
69. James, W. (1890/1950). The principles of psychology (pp. 314-315). New York: Dover.
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71. Greenwald, The totalitarian ego.
72. Jervis, R. (1976). Perception and misperception in international politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University.
73. Longer, E.J. (1975). The illusion of control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 311-329. Longer, E.J. (1977). The psychology of chance. Journal of the Theory of Social Behavior, 7, 185-208.
74. Petty, R.E., & Brock, T.C. (1979). Effects of<Bamum> personality assessments on cognitive behavior. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47, 201-203. 75. Markus, Н. (1977). Self-schemata and processing information about the
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76. San Francisco Sunday Examiner and Chronicle, April 22, 1979, p. 35.
77. Greenberg, J., Pysy^ynski, Т., & Solomon, S. (1982). The self-serving attributional bias: Beyond self-presentation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 18, 56-67. Arkin, P.M., & Maruyama, G.M. (1979). Attribution, affect, and college exam performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 71, 85-93. Gilovich, Т. (1983). Biased evaluation and persistence in gambling. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, ^,1110-1126. Ross, M., & Sicoly, F. (1979). Egocentric biases in availability and attribution. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 322-336. Breckler, S.J., Pratkanis, A.R., & McCann, D. (1991). The representation of self in multidimensional cognitive space. British Journal of Social Psychology, 30, 97-112. Johnston, W.A. (1967). Individual performance and self-evaluation in a simulated team. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 2, 309-328. Cunningham, J.D., Starr, P.A., & Kanouse, D.E. (1979). Self as actor, active observer, and passive observer: Implications for causal attribution. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1146-1152.
78. Greenwald, A.G., & Bleckler, S.J. (1985). To whom is the self presented? In B.R. Schlenker (Ed.), The self and social life (pp. 126-145). New York: McGraw-Hill.
79. Miller, D.T., & Ross, M. (1975). Self-serving biases in the attribution of causality: Fact or fiction? Psychological Bulletin, 82, 213-225.
80. Weary (Bradley), G. (1978). Self-serving biases in the attribution process: A reexamination of the fact or fiction question. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 56-71. Weary, G. (1980). Examination of affect and egotism as mediators of bias in causal attribution. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 348-357. Weary, G" Harvey, J.H., Schwieger, P., Olson, C.T., Perloff, R., & Pritchard, S. (1982). Self-presentation and the moderation of self-serving attributional biases. Social Cognition, 1,140-159.
81. Alloy, L.B., & Abramson, L.Y. (1979). Judgement of contingency in depressed and nondepressed students: Sadder but wiser. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 108,441-485.
82. Grove, J.R., Hanrahan, S.J., & Mcinman, A. (1991). Success/failure bias in attribution across involvement categories in sport. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 17,93-97.
83. Taylor, S.E. (1989). Positive illusions: Creative self-deception and the healthy mind. New York: Basic Books.
84. Seligman, M.E.P. (1991). Learned optimism. New York: Knopf. Рус. пер. - Зелигман M. Как научиться оптимизму. Советы на каждый день. M., 1997.
К главе 5 Самооправдание
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30. Между прочим, следует отметить, что исследование феномена <говорю-значит-верю> привело к ряду противоречивых экспериментальных данных. Однако факты в поддержку приведенного в тексте анализа перевешивают. Более детальное обсуждение этого вопроса - см.: Aronson, Е. (1969). The theory of cognitive dissonance: A current perspective. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 4, pp. 1-34). New York: Academic Press.
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