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What minimal distinctive feature (or features) makes these oppositions phonologically relevant?
SEMINAR 3. The System of English Phonemes SEMINAR 2. The Phoneme Theory
Points for discussion: 1. Conceptions of the phoneme. 2. The phoneme as a unity of three aspects. 3. Functional characteristics of the phoneme. 4. Relevant and irrelevant features of the phoneme. 5. The relationships between the variant and invariant of the phoneme, phoneme and the phone. 6. Main trends in the phoneme theory. 7. Phonemic identification of alternated sounds. The phoneme in the position of neutralisation: 1) The Moscow Phonological School – the morphological trend; 2) The Leningrad Phonological School – the materialistic phoneme trend theory; 3) The Prague Phonological School – the theory of phonological oppositions and of the arch-phoneme. 8. Notation. Broad and narrow transcription.
Literature: 1. Теоретическая фонетика английского языка: учеб. для студ. вузов по спец. «Филология»: – 2-е изд. / М.А.Соколова, К.П.Гинтовт, И.С.Тихонова и др. – М.: Гуманит. изд. центр ВЛАДОС. – 1996. – С. 40-48, 94-99. 2. Бурая Е.А., Галочкина И.Е., Шевченко Т.И. Фонетика современного английского языка: Теоретический курс. – М., 2006. – С. 15-50.
Points for discussion: 1. The principal difference between vowels and consonants. 2. The principles of consonant formation. 3. The classification of the English consonants made by Russian and foreign phoneticians. 4. The problem of the English affricates, their phonological status and number. 5. The principles of vowel formation. 6. The classification of English vowels made by Russian and foreign linguists. 7. The problem of diphthongs and of the so-called triphthongs, their phonological status and number. 8. The phonemic status of the neutral sound [q]. 9. The adaptive modification of vowels and consonants in speech continuum. 10. Stylistic modification of sounds.
Literature: 1. Теоретическая фонетика английского языка: учеб. для студ. вузов по спец. «Филология»: – 2-е изд. / М.А.Соколова, К.П.Гинтовт, И.С.Тихонова и др. – М.: Гуманит. изд. центр ВЛАДОС. – 1996. – С. 71-78, 87-90, 100-111. 2. Бурая Е.А., Галочкина И.Е., Шевченко Т.И. Фонетика современного английского языка: Теоретический курс. – М., 2006. – С. 51-102.
Exercises: (a) cap - cab pack - back caper - labour sent - send ton - don latter - ladder leak - league coal - goal decree - degree
(b) pee - fee supper - suffer leap - leak tie - sigh attend - ascend park - part do - zoo raider - razor rude - ruse
(c) till - chill martyr - marcher eat - each day - jay murder - merger lard - large share - chair much - marsh furnisher - furniture
(d) thigh - shy save - shave ruse - rouge Ruth - ruche presser - pressure root rouge mass - mash
(e) bad - mad arbour - armour rub - rum dock - knock eddy - any bad - ban rigging - ringing log - long
2. Sort out the oppositions under the following heading: (a) labial vs. forelingual, (b) labial vs. mediolingual, (c) labial vs. backlingual: pat - cat supper - succor leap - leak wield - yield wail - Yale man - nap coming - cunning seem - seen
3. State which of the pairs illustrate (a) forelingual vs. mediolingual and (b) forelingual vs. backlingual oppositions: tame - came less - yes rudder - rugger drew - due sinner - singer bitter - bicker clue - cue bad - bag sung - young bat - back day - gay rung - young
4. Sort out the oppositions under the following headings: (a) occlusive vs. constrictive, (b) constrictive vs. occlusive–constrictive, (c) noise vs. sonorants: pine - fine fare - chair boat - moat seek - seen kick - king work - jerk bee - thee deed - need thine - wine vain - lane came - lame fame - same sick - sing
5. Read these pairs of words. State what principles of vowel classification they illustrate: (a) cod - cord not - naught
cot – caught
body - border (b) end - and ten - tan
hem - ham kettle - cattle (c) fir - for firm - form
turn – torn bird - bored (d) fool - full pool - pull food - put tool - took boot - book
(e) am - aim add - aid man - main lad - laid fat - fate
(f) nor - no law - low called - cold bald - bold caught - coat
6. Read these words and state what movements of the tongue make the vowel phonemes / e, E:, A, R, x, I, L / different: bed - bird - bud - bard lack - lurk - luck - lark hat - hurt - hut - heart cab - curb - cub tan - turn - ton bid - bird - bud lid - led - lad big - beg - bag kit - curt - caught
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