What minimal distinctive feature (or features) makes these oppositions phonologically relevant?

SEMINAR 3. The System of English Phonemes

SEMINAR 2. The Phoneme Theory

Points for discussion:

1. Conceptions of the phoneme.

2. The phoneme as a unity of three aspects.

3. Functional characteristics of the phoneme.

4. Relevant and irrelevant features of the phoneme.

5. The relationships between the variant and invariant of the phoneme, phoneme and the phone.

6. Main trends in the phoneme theory.

7. Phonemic identification of alternated sounds. The phoneme in the position of neutralisation:

1) The Moscow Phonological School – the morphological trend;

2) The Leningrad Phonological School – the materialistic phoneme trend theory;

3) The Prague Phonological School – the theory of phonological oppositions and of the arch-phoneme.

8. Notation. Broad and narrow transcription.

Literature:

1. Теоретическая фонетика английского языка: учеб. для студ. вузов по спец. «Филология»: – 2-е изд. / М.А.Соколова, К.П.Гинтовт, И.С.Тихонова и др. – М.: Гуманит. изд. центр ВЛАДОС. – 1996. – С. 40-48, 94-99.

2. Бурая Е.А., Галочкина И.Е., Шевченко Т.И. Фонетика современного английского языка: Теоретический курс. – М., 2006. – С. 15-50.

Points for discussion:

1. The principal difference between vowels and consonants.

2. The principles of consonant formation.

3. The classification of the English consonants made by Russian and foreign phoneticians.

4. The problem of the English affricates, their phonological status and number.

5. The principles of vowel formation.

6. The classification of English vowels made by Russian and foreign linguists.

7. The problem of diphthongs and of the so-called triphthongs, their phonological status and number.

8. The phonemic status of the neutral sound [q].

9. The adaptive modification of vowels and consonants in speech continuum.

10. Stylistic modification of sounds.

Literature:

1. Теоретическая фонетика английского языка: учеб. для студ. вузов по спец. «Филология»: – 2-е изд. / М.А.Соколова, К.П.Гинтовт, И.С.Тихонова и др. – М.: Гуманит. изд. центр ВЛАДОС. – 1996. – С. 71-78, 87-90, 100-111.

2. Бурая Е.А., Галочкина И.Е., Шевченко Т.И. Фонетика современного английского языка: Теоретический курс. – М., 2006. – С. 51-102.

Exercises:

(a) cap - cab

pack - back

caper - labour

sent - send

ton - don

latter - ladder

leak - league

coal - goal

decree - degree

(b) pee - fee

supper - suffer

leap - leak

tie - sigh

attend - ascend

park - part

do - zoo

raider - razor

rude - ruse

(c) till - chill

martyr - marcher

eat - each

day - jay

murder - merger

lard - large

share - chair

much - marsh

furnisher - furniture

(d) thigh - shy

save - shave

ruse - rouge

Ruth - ruche

presser - pressure

root rouge

mass - mash

(e) bad - mad

arbour - armour

rub - rum

dock - knock

eddy - any

bad - ban

rigging - ringing

log - long

2. Sort out the oppositions under the following heading: (a) labial vs. forelingual, (b) labial vs. mediolingual, (c) labial vs. backlingual:

pat - cat

supper - succor

leap - leak

wield - yield

wail - Yale

man - nap

coming - cunning

seem - seen

3. State which of the pairs illustrate (a) forelingual vs. mediolingual and (b) forelingual vs. backlingual oppositions:

tame - came

less - yes

rudder - rugger

drew - due

sinner - singer

bitter - bicker

clue - cue

bad - bag

sung - young

bat - back

day - gay

rung - young

4. Sort out the oppositions under the following headings: (a) occlusive vs. constrictive, (b) constrictive vs. occlusive–constrictive, (c) noise vs. sonorants:

pine - fine

fare - chair

boat - moat

seek - seen

kick - king

work - jerk

bee - thee

deed - need

thine - wine

vain - lane

came - lame

fame - same

sick - sing

5. Read these pairs of words. State what principles of vowel classification they illustrate:

(a) cod - cord

not - naught

cot – caught

body - border

(b) end - and

ten - tan

hem - ham

kettle - cattle

(c) fir - for

firm - form

turn – torn

bird - bored

(d) fool - full

pool - pull

food - put

tool - took

boot - book

(e) am - aim

add - aid

man - main

lad - laid

fat - fate

(f) nor - no

law - low

called - cold

bald - bold

caught - coat

6. Read these words and state what movements of the tongue make the vowel phonemes / e, E:, A, R, x, I, L / different:

bed - bird - bud - bard

lack - lurk - luck - lark

hat - hurt - hut - heart

cab - curb - cub

tan - turn - ton

bid - bird - bud

lid - led - lad

big - beg - bag

kit - curt - caught

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