Regular and irregular verbs

According to their morphological composition verbs can be divided into simple, derivative, compound and phrasal.

Derivative verbs are composed of one root morpheme and one or more derivational morphemes (prefixes and suffixes). The main verbforming suffixes are -ize, -fy, -en, -ate, as in: to criticize, to justify, to blacken, to enumerate.

Phrasal verbs consist of a verbal stem and an adverbial particle, which is sometimes referred to as postposition. The adverbial meaning is evident in phrasal verbs of the type to come in, to look out, whereas it is quite lost in the verbs to give up, to give in, to bring up.

§ 5. Among the synthetic verb forms there are those which are used independently and those which are used to build other verb forms. They are four in number:

the infinitive the past indefinite participle II participle I

- work, rise; - worked, rose; - worked, risen; - working, rising.

The infinitive stem and participles I and II are employed to build other verbal forms.

The past indefinite is the only basic form that is not used to build other forms.

§ 6. Owing to the historical development of the verb system the English verbs fall into two groups: regular and irregular verbs.

The regular verbs, which go back to the Germanic weak verbs, constitute the largest group. The past indefinite and participle II of these verbs are formed by means of the dental suffix -ed added to the stem of the verb. This is the productive pattern according to which all new verbs form their past indefinite and participle II.

The irregular verbs form their past indefinite and participle II according tо some fixed traditional patterns going back partly to the Germanic strong verbs, partly to the weak verbs, which underwent some changes in the process of history.

The irregular verbs are about 250 in number. They can be arranged according to sound changes.

Infinitive	Past Indefinite	Participle II	Translation

[ɪ]	[æ]	[ʌ]
begin [bɪgɪn]	began [bɪ'gæn]	begun [bɪ'gʌn]	начинать
drink [dnɪŋk]	drank [dræŋk]	drunk [drʌŋk]	пить
ring [rɪŋ]	rang [гæŋ]	rung [rʌŋ]	звонить
shrink [∫rɪnk]	shrank [sræŋk]	shrunk [∫rʌŋk]	сокращать(ся)
sing [sɪŋ]	sang [sæŋ]	sung [sʌŋ]	петь
sink [sɪŋk]	sank [sæŋk]	sunk [sʌŋk]	тонуть
spring [sprɪŋ]	sprang [spræŋ]	sprung [sprʌŋ]	прыгать
stink [stɪŋk]	stank [stæŋk]	stunk [stʌŋk]	вонять
swim [swɪm]	swam [swæm]	swum [swʌm]	плавать
[ɪ]	[ʌ]	[ʌ]
dig [dɪg]	dug [dʌg]	dug [dʌg]	копать
fling [flɪn]	flung [flʌŋ]	flung [flʌŋ]	кидать(ся)
spin [spɪn]	spun [spʌn]	spun [spʌn]	прясть
stick [stɪk]	stuck [stʌk]	stuck [stʌk]	втыкать
sting [stɪŋ]	stung [stʌŋ]	stung [stʌŋ]	жалить
swing [swɪŋ]	swung [swʌŋ]	swung [swʌŋ]	качать(ся)

win [wɪn]	won [wʌn]	won [wʌn]	побеждать
wring [rɪŋ]	wrung [гʌŋ]	wrung [rʌŋ]	скручивать
[ɪ]	[æ]	[æ]
sit [sɪt]	sat [sæt]	sat [sæt]	сидеть
spit [spɪt]	spat [spæt]	spat [spæt]	плеватъ(ся)
[i:]	[e]	[e]
bleed [bl:d]	bled [bled]	bled [bled]	кровоточить
breed [bri:d]	bred [bred]	bred [bred]	выводить, разводить
			(животных)
feed [fi:d]	fed [fed]	fed [fed]	кормить
lead [li:d]	led [led]	led [led]	вести
meet [mi:t]	met [met]	met [met]	встречать(ся)
read [ri:d]	read [red]	read [red]	читать
speed [spi:d]	sped [sped]	sped [sped]	спешить
[е] get [get]	[ɔ] got [gɔt]	[ɔ] got [gɔt]	получать
[æ] hang [hæŋ]	[ʌ] 1) hung [hʌŋ] 2) hanged [hæŋd]	[ʌ] hung [hʌŋ] hanged [hæŋd]	вешать вешать (казнить)
[aɪ] bind [baɪnd] ] find [faɪnd] grind [graɪnd] wind [waɪnd]	[au] bound [baund] found [faund] ground [graund] wound [waund]	[au] bound [baund] found [faund] ground [graund] wound [waund]	связывать находить молоть виться
[aɪ] light [laɪt] slide [slaɪd]	[ɪ] lit [lɪt] slid [slɪd]	[ɪ] lit [lɪt] slid [slɪd]	светить, зажигать скользить
[aɪ] shine [∫aɪn]	[ɔ] shone [∫ɔ n]	[ɔ] shone [∫ɔn]	светить, сиять
[aɪ] fight [faɪt]	[ɔ:] fought [f ɔ:t]	[ɔ:] fought [f ɔ:t]	бороться
[aɪ] strike [straɪk]	[ʌ] struck [strʌk]	[ʌ] struck [strʌk]	ударять(ся)
[ou] hold [hould]	[e] held [held]	[e] held [held]	держать
[u:] shoot [∫u:t]	[ɔ] shot[∫ɔ t]	[ɔ] shot [∫ɔ t]	стрелять
[i:] creep [kri:p] keep [ki:p] leap [li:p]	[e] crept [krept] kept [kept] leapt [lept] leaped	[e] crept [krept] kept [kept] leapt [lept] leaped	ползать держать прыгать
[i:] sweep [swi:p] sleep [sli:p] weep [wi:p]	[e] swept [swept] slept [slept] wept [wept]	[e] swept [swept] slept [slept] wept [wept]	мести, подметать спать плакать, рыдать
[e]	[ou]	[ou]
sell [sel]	sold [sould]	sold [sould]	продавать
tell [tel]	told [tould]	told [tould]	говорить
[i:]	[e]	[e]
flee [fli:]	fled [fled]	fled [fled]	бежать,
			спасаться
			бегством
[ɪǝ]	[ǝ:]	[ǝ:]
hear [hɪǝ]	heard [hǝ:d]	heard [hǝ:d]	слышать
[eɪ]	[e]	[e]
say [seɪ]	said [sed]	said [sed]	говорить,
			сказать
[i:]	[e]	[e]
deal [di:l]	dealt [delt]	dealt [delt]	раздавать,
			распределять
dream [dri:m]	dreamt [dremt] dreamed	dreamt [dremt] dreamed	видеть сны; мечтать
feel [fi:l]	felt [felt]	felt [felt]	чувствовать
kneel [ni:l]	knelt [nelt]	knelt [nelt]	преклонять
			колени
lean [li:n]	leant [lent]	leant [lent]	наклоняться
mean [mi:n]	meant [ment]	meant [ment]	значить
[aɪ]	[ɔ:]	[ɔ:]
buy [baɪ]	bought [bɔ:t]	bought [b ɔ:t]	покупать
[i:]	[e]	[e]
leave [li:v]	left [left]	left [left]	покидать
[u:]	[ɔ ]	[ɔ]
lose [lu:z]	lost [lɔst]	lost [lɔst]	терять
[aɪ]	[ou]	[I]
drive [draɪv]	drove [drouv]	driven ['drɪvn]	вести, ехать
			(в экипаже,
			автомобиле
			и т. д.)
ride [raɪd]	rode [roud]	ridden [ 'rɪdn]	ехать верхом
rise [raɪz]	rose [rouz]	risen [ 'rɪzn]	подниматься,
			вставать
write [raɪt] 4 f\	wrote [rout]	written ['rɪtn]	писать
[aɪ] flу [flaɪ]	[u:] flew [flu:]	[ou] flown [floun]	летать
[i:] freeze [fri:z] speak [spi:k] steal [sti:l] weave [wi:v]	[ou] froze [frouz] spoke [spouk] stole [stoul] wove [wouv]	[ou] frozen ['frouzn] spoken [ spoukǝn] stolen ['stoulǝn] woven [ 'wouvǝn]	морозить разговаривать красть ткать
[eɪ] break [breɪk]	[ou] broke [brouk]	[ou] broken ['broukǝn]	ломать
[e] forget [fǝ'get]	[ ɔ] forgot [fǝ'gɔt]	[ ɔ] forgotten [fǝ'gɔtǝn]	забывать
[ɛǝ] swear [swɛǝ] tear [t ɛə]	[ɔ:] swore [sw ɔ:] tore [tɔ:]	[ ɔ:] sworn [sw ɔ:n] torn [tɔ:n]	клясться рвать
[aɪ] lie [laɪ]	[eɪ] lay [leɪ]	[eɪ] lain [Ieɪn]	лежать
[aɪ] bite [baɪt] hide [haɪd]	[ɪ] bit [bɪt] hid [hɪd]	[ɪ] bitten ['bɪtn] hidden ['hɪdn]	кусать(ся) прятать(ся)
[u:] choose [t∫u:z]	[ou] chose [t∫ouz]	[ou] chosen ['t∫ouzǝn]	выбирать
[i:] see [si:]	[ɔ:] saw [sɔ:]	[i:] seen [si:n]	видеть
[i:] eat [i:t]	[e] ate [et]	[i:] eaten ['i:tn]	есть
[ɪ] forbid [fe'bɪd] forgive [fǝ'gɪv] give [gɪv]	[eɪ] forbade [fo'beɪd] forgave [fǝ'geɪv] gave [geɪv]	[ɪ] forbidden [fǝ'bidǝn] forgiven [fǝ'gɪvn] given ['gɪvn]	запрещать забывать давать
[eɪ] shake [∫eɪk] take [teik]	[u] shook [∫uk] took [tuk]	[eɪ] shaken ['∫eɪkn] taken ['teɪkn]	трясти брать
[ɔ:] fall [fɔ:l]	[e] fell [fel]	[ɔ:] fallen [fɔ:lǝn]	падать
[ɔ:] draw [drɔ:]	[u:l drew [dru:]	[ɔ:] drawn [drɔ:n]	рисовать
[ou] blow [blou] grow [grou] know [nou] throw [θrou]	[u:] blew [blu:] grew [gru:] knew [nju:] threw [θru:]	[ou] blown [bloun] grown [groun] known [noun] thrown [θroun]	дуть расти знать бросать
[e] swell [swel]	[e] swelled [sweld]	[ou] swollen ['swoulǝn]	надувать(ся)
[eɪ] make [meɪk]	[eɪ] made [meɪd]	[eɪ] made [meɪd]	делать
[ɪ] bring [brɪŋ] think [θiŋk]	[ɔ:] brought [brɔ:t] thought [θɔ:t]	[ɔ:] brought [brɔ:t] thought [θɔ:t]	нести думать
[i:] teach [ti:t∫]	[ɔ:] taught [tɔ:t]	[ɔ:] taught [tɔ:t]	учить
[æ] catch [kæt∫]	[ɔ:] caught [kɔ:t]	[ɔ:] caught [kɔ:t]	хватать
[æ] stand [stænd] understand [ʌnde'stænd]	[u] stood [stud] understood [ʌndǝ'stud]	[u] stood [stud] understood [ʌndǝ'stud]	стоять понимать
[d] build [bɪId] lend [lend] mend [mend] spend [spend] send [send]	[t] built [bɪlt] lent [lent] ment [ment] spent [spent] sent [sent]	[t] built [bɪlt] lent [lent] ment [ment] spent [spent] sent [sent]	строить одалживать, сдавать в аренду чинить тратить, расходовать посылать
bet [bet] burst [bǝ:st]	bet [bet] burst [bǝ:st]	bet [bet] burst [bǝ:st]	держать пари лопаться; взрываться (о снаряде)
cost [kɔst]	cost [kɔst]	cost [kɔst]	стоить,
			обходиться
cut [kʌt]	cut [kʌt]	cut [kʌt]	резать
hit [hɪt]	hit [hɪt]	hit [hɪt]	ударять
hurt [hǝ:t]	hurt [hǝ:t]	hurt [hǝ:t]	причинять боль

let [let]	let [let]	let [let]	позволять, разрешать

put [put]	put [put]	put [put]	класть, положить

shut [∫ʌt]	shut [∫ʌt]	shut [∫ʌt]	закрывать(ся)
split [splɪt]	split [splɪt]	split [splɪt]	раскладывать(ся)
spread [spred]	spread [spred]	spread [spred]	развертываться
upset [ʌр'set]	upset [ʌp'set]	upset [ʌp'set]	опрокидывать (ся)
			расстраивать,
			нарушать (порядок)