Контрольная работа

Вариант 1

Task 1: Translate the following text into Russian paying special attention to the words and expressions in bold type:.

Laws of Babylon.

One of the most detailed ancient legal codes was drawn up in about 1758 B.C. by Hammurabi, a king of Babylonia. The entire code, consisting of 282 paragraphs, was carved into a great stone pillar, which was set up in a temple to the Babylonian god Marduk so that it could be read by every citizen.

The pillar, lost for centuries after the fall of Babylon in the 16^th century B.C., was rediscovered by a French archaeologist in 1901 amid the ruins of the Persian city of Susa. Hammurabi’s words were still legible. The pillar is now in the Louvre museum in Paris.

The laws laid down by Hammurabi were more extensive than any that had gone before. They covered crimes, divorce and marriage, the rights of slave owners and slaves, the settlement of debts, inheritance and property contracts; there were even regulations about taxes and the prices of goods.

Punishments under the code were often harsh. The cruel principle of revenge was observed: an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth, which meant that criminals had to receive as punishment precisely those injuries and damages they had inflicted upon their victims. Not only murderes but also thieves and false accusers faced the death penalty. And a child who hit his father could expect to lose the hand that struck the blow.

The code outlawed private blood feuds and banned the tradition by which aman could kidnap and keep the woman he wanted for his bride. In addition, the new laws took account of the circumstances of the offender as well as of the offence. So a lower-ranking citizen who lost a civil case would be fined less than an aristocrat in the same position – though he would also be awarded less if he won.

Nevertheless, Hammurabi’s laws represented an advance on earlier tribal customs, because the penalty could not be harder than the crime.

Task 2: Write down Russian equivalents for the words and expressions in bold type.

Task 3: Answer the following questions:

1. Why do you think Hammurabi decided to have his laws carved into a pillar?

2. How do you understand the principle “an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth”?

3. In your opinion, were punishments always fair?

Task 4: Put the verbs in the correct form:

1) This stone pillar (to keep) in the Louvre Museum.

2) Solon (to provide) a new code of Law.

3) The verdict by a jury (to give) in the times of Solon.

4) Roman law is one of the gratest systems that ever (to exist).

5) The revival of this system (to fall) on the 11^th century.

Task 5: Insert the articles if necessary:

1) Have you read … Code of Hammurabi?

2) Whose stone figure can we see in … British Museum?

3) The carved stone pillar with 282 paragraphs is kept in … Louvre Museum.

4) Is … Hebrew Law contained in … Book of Exodus?

5) Did Solon live in … Greece?

Task 6: Insert prepositions if necessary:

1) These legal principles are still … use.

2) These codes are based … Roman law principles.

3) Roman law developed … the law of the Twelve Tables.

4) … this way local rules became a part of Roman law.

5) These laws deal … commerce.

Task 7: Write down the numerals in words from the text:

1) 1758 B.C.;

2) 282 paragraphs;

3) 16^th century;

4) In 1901;.

Task 8: Render the following passage into English paying special attention to the words and expressions in bold type:

В 1901 году французские археологи обнаружили каменный столб средируин персидского города Сузы. Текст, высеченный на столбе, был древнейшим сводом законов. Он был составлен Хаммурапи, царем Вавилона, в XVIII столетии до н.э.

Кодекс Хаммурапи состоит из 282 статей. Установленный в храме вавилонского бога Мардука, “столб законов” должен был служить правосудию и одновременно напоминать: законы должны знать все.

Кодекс охватывал все сферы жизни. Он ставил вне закона кровную месть, убийство, похищение невесты. Наказания за них были суровы.

Кодекс также охватывал вопросы имущества и наследства. Хаммурапи устанавливал денежный штраф, при назначении которого учитывалось как само правонарушение, так и социальное положение граждан.

Вариант 2

Task 1: Translate the following text into Russian paying special attention to the words and expressions in bold type:.

The Legal Heritage of Greece and Rome.

The ancient Greeks were among the first to develop a concept of law that separated everyday law from religious beliefs. Before the Greeks most civilizations attributed their laws to their gods or goddesses. Instead, the Greeks believed that laws were made by the people for the people.

In the seventh century B.C., Draco drew up Greece’s first comprehensive written code of laws. Under Draco’s code death was the punishment for most offences. Thus, the term draconian usually applies to extremely harsh measures.

Several decades passed before Solon – poet, military hero, and ultimately Athens’ lawgiver – devised a new code of laws. He ended exclusive aristocratic

Control of the government, substituted a system of control by the wealthy, and introduced a new law code.

Solon’s great contribution to the future good of Athens was his new code of laws. He revised every statute except that on homicide and made Athenian law altogether more humane.

Trial by jury, an ancient Greek tradition was retained, but enslaving debtors was prohibited as were most of the harsh punishments of Draco’s code. Under Solon’s law citizens of Athens were eligible to serve in the assembly and courts were established in which they could appeal government decisions.

What the Greeks may have contributed to the Romans was the concept of “natural law”. In essence, natural law was based on the belief that certain basic principles are above the laws of a nation. These principles arise from the nature of people.

The concept of natural law and the development of the first true legal system had a profound effect on the modern world.

Task 2: Write down Russian equivalents for the words and expressions in bold type.

Task 3: Answer the following questions:

1. What does the ancient Greek concept of law comprise?

2. What is the origin and the meaning of the word “draconian”?

3. What was Solon’s contribution to ancient law?

Task 4: Put the verbs in the correct form:

1) Roman law (to develop) from the Laws of the Twelve Tables.

2) Solon, the Athenian statesman, (to be, to know) as one of the Seven Wise Men of Greece.

3) In modern-day Italy, France, Spain, and the countries of Latin America, law codes (to base) on Roman legal principles (to be) still in use.

4) Hebrew law can be (to find) in the Bible.

5) The Emperor Justinian (to live) in Constantinopole.

Task 5: Insert the articles if necessary:

1) … Napoleonic Code influenced the law of many countries in Europe and … South America.

2) …Roman law had a strong influence on the law of most European countries.

3) …Emperor Justinian ordered to make a systematic code of all the laws.

4) When Augustus was … emperor, professional law schools were established.

5) Justinian, … emperor … the eastern empire, had his huge body of laws codified.

Task 6: Insert prepositions if necessary:

1) Professional law schools were established … the times of Emperor Augustus.

2) Solon revised every statute except that … homicide and made Athenian law altogether more humane.

3) … Draco’s code death was the punishment for most offences.

4) The concept … natural law had a profound effect … the modern world.

5) Roman laws became international, particularly the laws dealing … commerce.

Task 7: Write down the numerals in words:

1) 600 B.C.;

2) 5^th century;

3) In 1215;

4) June 15, 1586.

.

Task 8: Render the following passage into English paying special attention to the words and expressions in bold type:

Драконт – афинский законодатель, чьи крайне суровые законы предусматривали только одно наказание – смерть за незначительные нарушения, так и за тяжкие преступления, совершенные в Афинах. Его имя теперь связывают со всем жестоким и безжалостным –‘ драконовские меры’, ‘ драконовский кодекс’.

Кодекс Драконта, который принято датировать 621 г. до н.э., не был первым записанным сводомафинских законов, но он, возможно, был первым всеобьемлющим кодексом или переработкой предыдущих законов.

Позднее Солон отменил законы, созданные Драконтом, и издал новые, оставив лишь прежнее наказание за убийство.

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