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Infinitive

	Active	Passive
Simple	To telephone	To be telephoned
Continuous	To be telephoning	_________
Perfect	To have telephoned	To have been telephoned
Perfect Continuous	To have been telephoning	_________

NOTE 1: the to-infinitive is used after certain verbs: offer, agree, refuse, decide, plan, arrange, hope, aim, learn, deserve, afford, forget, attempt, manage, fail, promise, threaten, etc (Appendix 4).

2.1 Complete the sentences, using a verb from the box. Use each verb once:

help, stay, find, speak, look after, telephone, buy, go, go out, get on

e.g. We decided to go to Spain for our holidays.

1. She learnt _________________________ Arabic when she was a child.

2. I tried ____________________________ you but there was no answer.

3. They refused ______________________________________ the plane.

4. She hopes ________________________________________ a job soon.

5. Did you forget _____________________________________ the bread?

6. I'm tired: I don't want __________________________________ tonight.

7. They offered ________________________ the children for the evening.

8. They're planning ________________________ with us for the weekend.

9. He agreed ________________________________ us with our problem.

2.2 * Complete each sentence with a suitable verb:

1. Don't forget to post the letter I gave you.

2. There was a lot of traffic but we managed ______ to the airport in time.

3. Jill has decided not ______ a car.

4. We've got a new computer in our office. I haven't learnt ______ it yet.

5. I wonder where Sue is. She promised not ______ late.

6. We were all too afraid to speak. Nobody dared ______ anything.

NOTE 2: “to-infinitive” is used to express purpose: e.g. I came here to see you. “in order to + infinitive” and “so as to + infinitive” are also used to express purpose, but:

· “in order to + infinitive” is more formal than “to-infinitive”

· “in order to + infinitive” and “so as to + infinitive” are more common than “to-infinitive” before verbs like be, have, know: e.g. I got up early so as to be ready for John’s phone call.

· “in order not to + infinitive” and “so as not to + infinitive” are more common than “not to-infinitive” to express a negative purpose: e.g. He opened the door quietly so as not to disturb the baby.

2.3 Express each question and answer as one sentence, using to + infinitive. Note that you will need to change some words.

e.g. Q: Why do you go to the beach every weekend?
A: Because I like swimming. – She goes to the beach every weekend to swim.

1. Q: Why did you move to London?

A: I wanted to find work. – He _____

2. Q: Why are you leaving home?

A: I'm going to university in Birmingham. – She _____

3. Q: Why are you having a party?

A: It's my thirtieth birthday, and I want to celebrate it. – He _____

4. Q: Why do you get up at six every morning?

A: I do my training then. – She _____

5. Q: Why are you going out?

A: I want to post a card to my mother. – He _____

6. Q: Why are you saving money?

A: We want to buy a car. – They _____

7. Q: Why are you going to Egypt?

A: We want to visit Ali's parents. – They _____

8. Q: Why did you buy a new suit?

A: I want to wear it at the office party. – He _____

9. Q: Why did you buy a DVD recorder?

A: We want to record the World Cup Final. – They _____

NOTE 3: “to-infinitive” can be used after certain adjectives: e.g. I’m glad to see you. If an infinitive needs its own subject, this is introduced by “for”. Compare: e.g. Ann will be happy to help you. Ann will be happy for the children to help you.

2.4 Write these sentences in another way, beginning as shown:

1. It's difficult to understand him. – He is difficult to understand.

2. It's quite easy to use this machine. – This machine is ________________.

3. It was very difficult to open the window. – The window ______________.

4. It's impossible to translate some words. – Some words _______________.

5. It's not safe to stand on that chair. – That chair _____________________.

6. It's expensive to maintain a car. – A ______________________________.

2.5 Rewrite these sentences using the structure with “for... to...”:

e.g. She can't come. – It's impossible for her to come.

1. The meeting needn't start before eight. (There's no need for the...)

2. The postman ought to come, fit's time for...)

3. He's not usually late. (It's unusual for...)

4. I want the children to go to a good school. (I'm anxious for...)

5. John shouldn't go to Australia. (It's a bad idea...)

6. Sue shouldn't change her job just now. (It would be a mistake...)

7. Can Paul come to the meeting? (Is it possible...?)

8. The car really should have regular services. (It's important...)

9. He normally stays up late on Saturdays. (It's normal...)

10. I'd be happy if you took a holiday. (I'd be happy for...)

NOTE 4: “to-infinitive” can be used after certain nouns and pronouns, to show what is to be done with them or how they are to be used: e.g. I’ve got some homework to do.

2.6 Complete the second sentence using the adjective in brackets. Use a/an + adjective + noun + to-infinitive (as in the example):

1. I couldn't answer the question. (difficult) – It was a difficult question to answer.

2. Everybody makes that mistake. (easy) – It's an ___________________.

3. I like living in this place. (nice) – It's a _________________________.

4. We enjoyed watching the game. (good) – It was __________________.

2.7 Put the words in the correct order to make sentences, making one verb an infinitive and writing the other in the present simple:

e.g. plane catch she a have. – She has a plane to catch.

lot of a housework there be do. – There is a lot of housework to do.

1. who something eat want?

2. come expect Jane I.

3. delighted hear I be the news.

4. have books some I read.

5. illness surprised hear I be his of.

6. nothing children the have do.

7. letters I write some have.

8. shopping some he do have.

9. nothing say have I.

10. lovely see it again you be.

NOTE5: “to-infinitive” is used in the constructions with “too” and “enough”:

e.g. She is too tired to go out. (too + adjective/adverb – negative meaning) e.g. He is rich enough to afford a yacht. (adjective/adverb + enough – positive meaning) e.g. He’s got enough patience to be a teacher. (enough + noun)

2.8 Complete the text using "too" or "enough":

Gary is leaving school this year but he doesn't know what he wants to do. He isn't motivated 1) enough to go to university. He'd quite like to be an engineer but he thinks it would be 2) _____ difficult. His father wants him to work in the family shop but that's not exciting 3) _____ for Gary. He hasn't got 4) _____ patience to sit in a shop all day. He wants to travel, so the navy seems to be a good idea, although the rules are a bit 5) _____ strict. Someone suggested driving a taxi but the hours are 6) _____ long and he wouldn't earn 7) _____ money. There really is nothing that interests him 8) _____.

NOTE 6: “to-infinitive” is used after question words (what, how, where, etc.) except why: e.g. Have you decided where to go for your holidays?

2.9 Complete each sentence using what/how/whether + one of these verbs:

1. Do you know how to get to John’s house?

2. Can you show me ______ ______ this washing machine?

3. Would you know ______ ______ if there was a fire in the building?

4. You'll never forget ______ ______ a bicycle once you have learned.

5. I was really astonished. I didn't know ______ ______.

6. I've been invited to the party but I don't know ______ ______ or not.

NOTE 7: “to-infinitive” is used after the first / the second / the third, etc. and also after the next, the last, the only: e.g. Everybody was late except me. I was the only one to arrive on time.

2.10 Complete the second sentence using the words in brackets + to-infinitive:

1. Nobody left before me. (the first) I was the first person to leave.

2. Everybody else arrived before Paul. (the last) Paul was the __________.

3. Fiona passed the exam. All the other students failed. (the only) Fiona was ________________.

4. I complained to the restaurant manager about the service. Another customer had already complained before me. (the second) I was ________________.

5. Neil Armstrong walked on the moon in 1969. Nobody had done this before him. (the first) Neil Armstrong was ________________________________.

NOTE 8: the infinitive without “to” is used:

· After modal verbs: e.g. You must be back at 12 o’clock.

· After had better / would rather: e.g. I’d rather go to the theatre.

· After make / let / see / hear / feel + object in the active voice: e.g. Mum let me watch TV. I made him apologise. But in the passive form “to-infinitive” is used: e.g. He was made to apologise.

· After “ Why not …?”: e.g. Why not phone me tomorrow?

2.11 Rewrite the sentences, using the words given:

e.g. He arrived early. (I saw) – I saw him arrive early.

1. I didn't want to stay at home. (They made me)

2. She got out of the car. (We watched)

3. They allowed me to telephone my lawyer. (They let)

4. They left at eleven o'clock. (I heard)

5. The policeman told me to empty my pockets. (The policeman made)

6. The dog jumped through the window. (I saw)

7. Maybe the school will ask me to pay extra. (Do you think the school will make)

8. The animal moved. I felt it. (I felt the)

9. I want to leave the country. (Do you think the government will let)

2.12 Change the sentences as shown using either full or bare infinitives:

e.g. I couldn't understand the timetable. (wasn't able) – I wasn't able to understand the timetable.

1. It's important to eat enough. (You should)

2. I'd like to go sailing this summer. (I might)

3. She will probably get married in June. (She expects)

4. I said I would help her. (I agreed)

5. It's necessary to make careful plans. (We must)

6. Perhaps he's ill. (He seems)

7. I want to change my job. (I wish I could)

8. I may come and see you next week. (I hope)

9. You don't need to apologise. (You needn't)

10. They will open a new branch in North London. (They have decided)

NOTE 6: the perfect infinitive is used:

· In the third type of the conditional sentences: e.g. If he had phoned, I would have met him at the airport.

· With the modal verbs in the past: e.g. Who could have told him the news?

· After verbs such as want, expect, hope as a future perfect: e.g. I hope to have finished this by Christmas.

· After certain adjectives, as a past: e.g. I was disappointed to have missed him.

2.13 Rewrite these sentences using perfect infinitives:

e.g. I'm glad I've met you. – I’m glad to have met you.

1. I was sorry I had disturbed him.

2. I expect I'll have passed all my exams by June.

3. It seems that you made a mistake. (You seem...)

4. I'm happy that I've had a chance to talk to you.

5. I was disappointed that I had missed the party.

6. It seems that she's got lost.

7. She was pleased that she had found the house.

2.14 Rewrite the sentences as shown:

e.g. She didn't marry a friend of her parents (was to) – She was to have married a friend of her parents.

1. I didn't see his face when he realised what had happened. (would like to)

2. He didn't finish all his work by three o'clock. (mean)

3. We didn't spend a week skiing. (were to)

4. It wasn't the happiest week of my life. (was to)

5. She didn't say goodbye to everybody before she left. (mean)

6. I didn't live in the seventeenth century. (would like)

7. He didn't play in the Cup Final. (was to)

NOTE 7: we can use “to” for the infinitive of a repeated verb if the meaning is clear: e.g. “Are you moving?” “We hope to. ” (= We hope to move.) “Come and dance!” “I don’t want to. ”

2.15 Put the beginnings and ends together:

BEGINNINGS

ENDS

1. 'Ann really upset Granny.' 2. 'Are you enjoying your new job?’ 3. 'Can I see you home?' 4. 'Can you mend this by Tuesday?' 5. 'Did you get my coat from the cleaner's?' 6. 'Do you collect stamps?' 7. 'Do you think he knows what he's doing?' 8. 'Do you want to come out with us tonight?' 9. 'Does she think she'll win?' 10. 'How would you and Sue like to spend the weekend with us?' 11. 'I think you ought to see the police about the people next door.' 12. 'Shall we go swimming?' 13. 'Should we book seats in advance?' 14. We'd like to move to a bigger house,

a) but we can't afford to. b) 'He seems to.' c) 'I don't really want to - it's too cold.' d) 'I intend to. They can't go on keeping the whole street awake every night.' e) 'I'd like to, but I'm working late.' f) I’ll try to, but I can't promise.' g) 'I'm sure she didn't mean to.' h) 'If you'd like to.' i) 'No, but I used to.' j) 'Sorry, I forgot to.' k) 'We don't need to - there's always plenty of room.' l) 'We'd love to.' m) 'Well, I m starting to. n) 'Yes, she expects to.'

NOTE 8: the subject of the infinitive or of the –ing form is omitted when it is the same as the subject of the main verb: e.g. They want to buy a new house.

When the subject of the infinitive or of the –ing form is different from the subject of the main verb, then an object pronoun (me, him, her, us) or a noun is place before the non-finite form: e.g. I want him to leave now.

2.16 Rephrase the following as in the example:

e.g. I must go to the gym to keep fit. – I want to go to the gym to keep fit.

1. He must eat less. – I want ______

2. They must tell her the truth. – I want ______

3. You must change your clothes. They're wet. – I want ______

4. She must get up early. – I want ______

5. I must learn to type. – He wants ______

6. She mustn't speak rudely. – I don't want ______

7. She must stay in bed for a week. – The doctor wants ______

8. They must leave early. – They want ______

9. They must apologise. – I want ______

NOTE 9: the “Subject-with-the Infinitive” construction:

The verbs believe, expect, feel, hope, know, report, say, think etc can be used in the following passive pattern:

e.g. People say she is rich. → Subject (person) + passive + to-infinitive → She is said to be rich. (see Passive Structures, page 53)

3. Revision: Gerund or Infinitive?

3.1 Write what each word is followed by: F.I. (full infinitive), B.I. (bare infinitive) or -ing (gerund):

1. want + F.I. 6. will + ___ 11. expect + ___ 16. can + ___

2. dislike + ___ 7. make + ___ 12. it's no use + ___ 17. start + ___

3. would love + ___ 8. avoid + ___ 13. hope + ___ 18. deny + ___

4. it's worth + ___ 9. see + ___ 14. let + ___ 19. hate + ___

5. finish + ___ 10. promise + ___ 15. shall + ___ 20. must + ___

3.2 Put the verbs in brackets in the infinitive or the -ing form:

1. I don't like singing/to sing in public. (sing)

2. It's no use ______ her. She won't listen. (tell)

3. I'm still too upset ______ about it. (talk)

4. Don't disturb him. He's busy ______. (work)

5. Stop ______ your nails! (bite)

6. Don't expect him ______ you any money. (lend)

7. I've decided ______ him. (leave)

8. Mum made me ______ my medicine, (take)

9. She agreed ______ him £1,000. (lend)

10. He denied ______ the stolen goods. (receive)

NOTE 1: Verbs taking “to-infinitive” or the Gerund without a change in meaning

begin, start, continue + to-inf. or the gerund. However, we never have two -ing forms together.	e.g. She began dancing/to dance. But: It's beginning to get cold. Not: It's beginning getting cold.
advise, allow, permit, recommend, encourage when followed by an object or in passive form take a to-infinitive. They take the -ing form when not followed by an object.	e.g. He doesn't allow us to smoke here. They aren't allowed to smoke here. They don't allow smoking here.
it needs/it requires/it wants + -ing form "It needs" can also be followed by a passive infinitive.	e.g. The house needs/requires/wants painting. The car needs repairing/to be repaired.

3.3 Put the verb in the right form: -ing or infinitive (with or without “to”):

1. She doesn't allow ______ in the house. (smoke)

2. I've never been to Iceland but I'd like ______ there (go)

3. I'm in a difficult position. What do you advise me ______? (do)

4. She said the letter was personal and wouldn't let me ______ it. (read)

5. We were kept at the police station for two hours and then we were allowed ______. (go)

6. Where would you recommend me ______ for my holidays? (go)

7. I wouldn't recommend ______ in that restaurant. The food is awful. (eat)

8. The film was very sad. It made me ______. (cry)

9. Carol's parents always encouraged her ______ hard at school. (study)

3.4 Fill in the infinitive or -ing form:

The rules in my new school are very strict. The teachers don't allow 1. talking (talk) in class at all. We are only permitted 2. ______ (speak) if they ask us a question. On the first day, the headmaster advised us all 3. ______ (work) very hard. In fact, he recommended 4. ______ (study) for at least four hours every evening! We are not allowed 5. ______ (leave) the school at lunchtime but we are encouraged 6. ______ (join) one of the school clubs. Next week I'm starting chess.

NOTE 2: Verbs taking “to-infinitive” or the Gerund with a change in meaning

1. FORGET + to-inf = not remember: e.g. I'm sorry, I forgot to buy milk.

FORGET + ing form = forget a past event: e. g. He'll never forget flying over the Alps.

2. REMEMBER + to-inf = remember to do sth: e.g. Remember to turn off the cooker before leaving.

REMEMBER + -ing form = recall a past event: e.g. I don't remember staying in this hotel before.

3. GO ON + to-inf = finish doing sth and start doing sth else; then: e.g. After finishing the report, she went on to type some letters.

GO ON + -ing form = continue: e.g. She went on talking for hours.

4. MEAN + to-inf = intend to: e.g. He means to find a job abroad.

MEAN + -ing form = involve: e.g. Finding a job means attending many interviews.

5. REGRET + to-inf = be sorry to: e.g. I regret to tell you that there is no money left in your account.

REGRET + -ing form = have second thoughts about sth one has already done: e.g. I regret buying/having bought this dress; it doesn't look nice on me.

6. TRY + to-inf = do one's best, attempt: e.g. The firemen are trying to put out the fire.

TRY + -ing form = do sth as an experiment: e.g. Why don't you try adding some sugar to the sauce? It might taste better.

7. WANT + to-inf = wish: e.g. I want to spend my holidays in Spain.

WANT + -ing form = need sth done: e.g. This room wants painting again.

8. STOP + to-inf = pause temporarily: e.g. She stopped to get some petrol before continuing on her journey to Leeds.

STOP + -ing form = finish; end: e.g. Stop talking, please!

9. BE SORRY + to-inf = regret: e.g. I'm sorry to hear they fired him.

BE SORRY + -ing form = apologise: e.g. I'm sorry for being/having been unfair to you.

10. BE AFRAID + to-inf (the subject is too frightened to do sth): e.g. I'm afraid to climb up that tree. (I don't want to do it.)

BE AFRAID OF + -ing form (the subject is afraid that what is described by the -ing form may happen): e.g. She won't climb up the tree; she is afraid of falling. (She is afraid because she might fall.)

11. LIKE / DISLIKE / LOVE / HATE + to-inf. = Describes a regular activity: e.g. I like to go for a run before work. (I like it because I think it's a good idea. I may or may not enjoy the activity while I am actually doing it.)

LIKE / DISLIKE / LOVE / HATE + -ing form = e.g. I like going for a run before work. (I enjoy the activity of going for a run before work. I may or may not do it regularly.)

12. HATE + to-inf. = hate what one is about to do: e.g. I hate to interrupt, but I must talk to you.

HATE + -ing form = feel sorry for what one is doing: e.g. I hate making you feel uncomfortable.

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