Chart 2. Paradigmatic patterns of a clause by M.A.K. Halliday

Having been

Have been

M.Y. Blokh explains that a minimal paradigm consists of two form-stages (boy ÷ boys). A more complex paradigm can be divided into component paradigmatic series, i.e. into the corresponding sub-paradigms as, for example, numerous paradigmatic series constituting the system of the finite verb.

Paradigmatic relations exist in language, they characterize elements of language, something which is potential, in store. Depending on the level of the class linguistic units are organized into, scholars distinguish between morphological, syntactic, lexical, word-building, or derivational, and stylisticparadigms as well as paradigms of a sentence and paradigms of a clause.

A morphological paradigm is a set of forms within a certain category and reflects the realization of grammatical categories (aspect, number, tense, etc.): cat-cats, work-worked-will work. These paradigms are closed.

A syntactic paradigm was born in transformational grammar due to N. Chomsky’s work. Within transformational grammar it is understood as a set of correlative syntactic structures. The so-called paradigmatic patterns in English were distinguished by Z. Harris which he called kernel sentences:

1. N vV (for the V that occurs without object): The team went there
2. N vV N: We’ll take it
3. N vV P N (for PN that have restricted co-occurrence with particular V): The teacher looked at him
4. N is N: He is an architect
5. N is A: The girl is pretty
6. N is PN: The paper is of importance
7. N is D: The man is here (in the garden) [37].

Z.S. Harris also included some “minor constructions” into the set, such as “ N is between N and N ” and some inert constructions, e.g. N! (a call), Yes.

There are different approaches to the interpretation of the notion of a paradigm of the sentence in Russian linguistic school. In the narrower sense, the paradigm of a sentence may be understood as a system of forms of the structural scheme of a simple sentence: Студент учится, студент учился, студент будет учиться, студент учился бы, Если бы студент учился!, студент учись… (в значении «должен учиться»), пусть студент учится [Розенталь, Теленкова 1976: 268]. But this definition and the approach itself is subject to severe criticism. Linguists contend that nothing changes in the first three sentences except the form of the verb: the type of the sentence remains intact. Thus, V.G. Admoni points out the necessity of structural changes in a sentence which would enable a linguist to speak about a syntactic paradigm [Адмони 1988: 40-41].

As English grammarians put a clause at the center of their syntactic studies, they try to single out paradigmatic patterns of a clause. Traditionally in English grammar the clause is understood as the grammatical unit which expresses a single predicate and its arguments. The predicate identifies the property or relationship and arguments are individuals or participants of whom the relationship or property is claimed [Kroeger 2006: 53]. Thus, paradigmatic patterns of a clause comprise major structural types of a basic SP structure.

Yes/No

interrogative→ “WH”

assertion

indicative→ declarative→

exclamation

Дата добавления: 2017-01-14