Clause without tag

→ with tag

l exclusive

imperative → jussive [38] →

inclusive

optative

Paradigmatic relations also exist in lexicology, e.g. synonyms demonstrate paradigmatic relations. A lexical paradigm constitutes a set of words characterized by grammatical homogeneity and semantic unity.

E.g. to increase = to go up

to grow up

to rise

to sky up

to soar

A derivational paradigm is also a widely used term to describe the derivational potential of a word. A derivational paradigm is a set of derivatives of a basic word that belong to the same derivational step. A derivational paradigm is a matrix which exemplifies the mechanism of derivation[39]: белый → беленький, белехонький, беловатый.

Prof. M.Y. Blokh singles out a new type of paradigm and calls it the paradigm of lexical nomination. It denotes a unity of notional lexemes which “finds its essential demonstration in an inter-class system of derivation that can be presented as a formal four-stage series permeating the lexicon and reflected in regular phrase correlations” [Блох 2008: 50].

E.g. a recognizing note – a notable recognition – to note recognizingly – to recognize notably; silent disapproval – disapproving silence – to disapprove silently – to silence disapprovingly, etc.

M.Ya. Blokh outscores that the primary presentation of the series is realized in a four-unit version as follows:

E.g. strength (N) – to strengthen (V) – strong (Adj) – strongly (Adv)

peace (N) – to appease (V) – peaceful (Adj ) – peacefully (Adv)

friend (N) – to befriend (V) – friendly (Agj)- friendly (Adv)

Not all lexemes have a complete paradigm of nomination, in this sense complete paradigms of nomination are contrasted to incomplete paradigms.

Paradigms were even extrapolated by R. Jacobson into stylistics. A stylistic paradigm is understood as a set of stylistic variants expressing the same content. For example, the Russian words очи – глаза – гляделки express the same meaning “organs of vision”, the difference being their stylistic reference. In English a stylistic paradigm may be exemplified by the following units expressing the feeling of annoyance and hostility: wrathful – angry – mad (also cf.: pass away – die – kick the bucket; commence – start – kick off). A three-member stylistic paradigm can also be applied to stylistically marked syntactic constructions (ср. рус.: Он нуждается в лечении (книжн.). – Ему нужно лечиться (нейтр.). – Полечиться бы ему надо (разг., экспрес.)!) [40]. Stylistic paradigms comprising all the three members (high – neutral – low) are quite rare.

1. Grammatical meaning, grammatical form

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