Compare the tables below and answer the questions.

Most European Countries and the USA
Doctoral degrees			Doctoral Degree Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), or Doctor of Education (Ed.D.), or Doctor of Psychology (Psy.D.), or Doctor of Theology (Th.D.)
University degrees		Master’s Degree Master of Arts (M.A.), or Master of Science (M.S./M.Sc.)	one or two years of coursework and research + "comprehensive" examinations in one or more fields + some teaching experience + thesis
Bachelor’s Degree Bachelor of Arts (B.A.), or Bachelor of Science (B.S./B.Sc.)	one- to three-year studies + final state examination + thesis
three- orfour-year studies

Russia
Doctoral degrees					Doktor Nauk доктор наук
			Kandidat Nauk кандидат наук	independent research which establishes new direction or new field in science + thesis+ monograph + a set of outstanding publications in refereed journals
University degrees	Diplom-Specialistспециалист (is being replaced by Bachelor and Magister)		Magister магистр	research + 3 publications in peer-reviewed academic journals + 3 exams (major subject, foreign language and philosophy) + thesis (80-200 pages)
Bachelor бакалавр	two or three-year studies + final state exams + thesis (70-100 pages)
four or five-year studies + final state exams + diploma	four-year studies

1. What is the highest academic degree in Russia? and in Europe/ theUSA?

2. Which Russian academic degrees have equivalents in European and US academic systems?

3. Compare the doctoral degrees. Which of the systems can be called a two-tier system of doctoral degrees?

4. What does a "Doctor of Sciences" degree require? Is it equivalent to a Doctoral degree in European and US academic systems?

5. How can we translate Russian degrees into English? The information from the box below can be of some help to you.

Guidelines for the recognition of Russian qualifications in the other countries [28]

In countries with a two-tier system of university degrees, the degree of Diplom-Specialist should be considered for recognition at the level of Master's degree; the degree of Kandidat Nauk should be considered for recognition at the level of the first doctoral degree; the degree of Doktor Nauk should be considered for recognition at the level of the second doctoral degree.

In countries with only one doctoral degree, the degree of Kandidat Nauk should be considered for recognition as equivalent to this degree; the degree of Doktor Nauk should be considered for recognition at the level of this degree.

Study some possible variants:

Kandidat Nauk – Ph.D.

Doktor Nauk – Ph.D.; Doctor Habilitatus (in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland academic qualification earned by writing a second thesis); Doctor of Philosophy (DPhil ), Doctor of Science (DSc/ScD), and Doctor of Letters (DLitt/LittD) or just higher doctorate (in the UK, Ireland and some Commonwealth countries higher tier of research doctorates awarded on the basis of a formally submitted portfolio of published research of a very high standard); Senior Doctorate (in the UK, Ireland and some Commonwealth countries honorary degree awarded in recognition of an original contribution to or substantial advance on knowledge in the field).

In your opinion, which of the terms correlates the best with the Russian degree?

NB:to omit possible confusion, Doctor of Sciences and Candidate of Sciences can be used if only the person you are talking to is familiar with Russian academic system.

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