Ex.1. Перепишите предложения, поставив глагол в указанную видовременную форму, и переведите их.

В А Р И А Н Т 3

Ex.12. Составьте предложения из двух подходящих по смыслу частей и переведите полученные высказывания.

Ex.10. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2 и 3 абзацы текста.

Ex.11. Ответьте на поставленные вопросы, выбрав правильный вариант(ы).

1) What countries were successfully competing with Great Britain in the world market at the

end of the 19^th century?

a) Russia and the USA

b) France and Japan

c) the USA and Germany

2) When did the age of electricity begin?

a) when Thomas A. Edison invented the light bulb

b) when Thomas A. Edison introduced a system of electric lighting in New York City

c) when electricity began to be used for powering locomotives and streetcars

3) What was the main factor contributing to increasing production in the steel and chemical

industries?

a) increasing the size of factories

b) using new technology

c) employing more workers and applying more machinery

4) Where was the electric telegraph invented by S. Morse first used?

a) on the railway transport

b) in the aircraft industry

c) in the stock exchanges

5) What was the new system of management called?

a) central management

b) scientific management

c) efficient production management

6) What plant was the assembly line first introduced at?

a) at the machine-tool plant

b) at the aircraft plant

c) at the automobile plant

1) The machines developed in the 18^th and a) to administer enormous organizations

early 19^th centuries were… with many branches and subsidiaries.

2) The period after 1860 has been called b) central control, planning, and efficient

the Second Industrial Revolution as… production methods.

3) At the end of the 19^th century, new c) simple, mechanical devices compared

industries such as steel, chemicals, electrical, with the industrial technology that

petroleum industries… followed.

4) Such companies as Westinghouse d) were founded due to scientific progress.

and General Electric were…

5) New methods of management devised in the e) soon it was used in many industries.

Second Industrial Revolution age were…

6) New means of communication and f) there were great changes in industry and

transportation helped managers… industrial technology.

7) The first assembly line was introduced by g) the first multinational corporations.

H. Ford in 1913 and…

1) The exchange rate of American currency [ to maintain – Past Continuous Passive] at the same level all month long.

2) The Finance Minister [ to note – Past Indefinite Active] that the monthly pension [ to increase – Past Perfect Passive] by 30 per cent this year.

3) Nowadays, it is not profitable to keep savings in dollars because their value [ to fall – Present Continuous Active].

4) When Robert Lucas [ to win – Past Indefinite Active] his Nobel Prize in Economics in 1995, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences [ to proclaim – Past indefinite Active] that he [ to be – Past Indefinite Active] “the economist who [ to make – Past Perfect Active] the greatest contribution in macroeconomic research since 1970.”

5) Some countries of Central and Eastern Europe [ to join – Present Perfect Active] the European Union recently, such as Lithuania and Poland while others [ to plan – Present Continuous Active] to do it in the nearest future.

Ex.2. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление эквивалентов модальных глаголов to be allowed to, to be able to, to be to, to have to. Подчеркните эквиваленты модальных глаголов и соответствующие им варианты перевода.

1) Credit cards are very convenient because you do not have to carry cash, but they are expensive because you are to pay interest for using your cards.

2) It is not allowed to sell all foodstuffs after the expiration date as they go bad.

3) In earlier times, people who wanted to buy or sell something had to gather on special days in some special place called the market.

4) We will not be able to fulfil an important order in time because several machines have broken down.

5) Sometimes, the government has to impose ceiling prices on the essential goods to protect consumers with low incomes.

Ex.3. Выберите модальный глагол или его эквивалент из предложенных вариантов. Предложения перепишите и переведите.

1) Any business следует be regarded as an economic entity.

a) has to b) is allowed to c) should d) could

2) Several decades ago people не могли travel easily from one European country to another

without visas.

a) are not able to b) were not to c) could not d) was not able to

3) According to the terms of the contract, the payment for the equipment должен be effected in

Japanese currency.

a) is to b) should c) is able to d) had to

4) If you buy goods on credit, you не нужно pay for them immediately.

a) will not to be allowed to b) don’t have to c) couldn’t d) is not to

5) People in many European countries могут retire at the age 60-65.

a) are to b) are able to c) were allowed to d) need

Ex.4. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на способы перевода герундия [Gerund] .

1) One of the ways in which governments raise money without adding new or higher taxes is holding state lotteries.

2) Using computers for drawing up financial statements enabled accountants to increase the efficiency of their work.

3) The European Monetary Union was founded in 1999 with the goal of establishing a common currency – the euro – for all member countries of the European Union and replacing national monetary units such as French francs, German deutsche marks, or Italian lire with the euro coins and bills.

4) In recent years, this company has merged about ten smaller companies by buying most of their shares.

5) Although banks specialize in granting short-term loans, they are prepared to give loans for longer periods – up to 20 years in certain circumstances.

Ex.5. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значения ing- формы. Подчеркните Participle I одной чертой, Gerund – двумя.

1) A person collecting or studying coins is calleda numismatist. This term is derived from the Latin word ‘numisma’ meaning ‘money’.

2) Instead of increasing fares, the Railway Management should concentrate on reducing its costs and improving efficiency of its operation.

3) Aiming to have an active trade balance, any country is interested in exporting more goods than in importing.

4) Nowadays, selling consumer goods as well as theatre/air/rail tickets has become a flourishing branch of e-commerce conducted by means of Internet.

5) The Paris Club is an informal forum where countries having trouble in paying their debts to government and private institutions meet with their creditors in order to restructure these debts.

Ex.6. Перепишите и переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значения ed- формы.

1) Developed in the early 1970s, automated teller machines are now widely used by bank customers for withdrawing cash from their accounts.

2) A single currency known as the euro replaced national monetary units such as French francs, German deutsche marks, or Italian lire in 2002.

3) Wages are fixed either in accordance with the amount of worked time [hours, days, weeks, months] – it is called time wages; or in accordance with the quantity of produced articles – it is called piece wages.

4) The percentage of the European labor force employed in agriculture ranges from less than 1 percent in Monaco to about 40 percent in Albania, Armenia, Moldova, Romania, and Turkey.

5) Income tax is a direct tax levied by the government on the income – wages, rent, dividends – received by individuals.

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