Second industrial Revolution

Ex.9. Прочитайте текст, устно переведите его и выполните упражнения, данные ниже.

Ex.8. Поставьте сказуемые, данные в скобках, в отрицательную форму. Предложения перепишите и переведите.

Ex.7. Перепишите и переведите данные словосочетания, обращая внимание на особенности перевода определений, выраженных существительными.

1) qualified specialists scarcity 6) accident insurance

2) heavy industry development 7) full-time worker

3) labor division principle 8) per capita income reduction

4) electricity consumption growth 9) cost and price difference

5) publicity agent 10) high-quality steel production

1) The study of economics is useful even to those students who [want] to become professional economists.

2) If you quit your job at 50, you [will get] your full pension.

3) A woman may work hard at home but she [receives] wages for this work therefore it [is labor] in terms of economics.

4) In earlier times, people who [could pay] their debts were often treated as defrauders and criminals.

5) We [managed] to deliver the ordered goods in time as we had some problems with transport.

[1] The machines developed in the first Industrial Revolution age (the 18th and early 19th centuries) were simple, mechanical devices compared with the industrial technology that followed. Changes in industry were so great that the period after 1860 has been called the Second Industrial Revolution.

New scientific knowledge was applied to industry as scientists and engineers unlocked the secrets of physics and chemistry. Great new industries were founded due to this scientific advance such as steel, chemicals, petroleum, electrical industries. They were larger and more productive than any industries existing before. Germany and the United States became the leaders, and by the end of the 19th century, they were successfully competing with Great Britain in the world market.

[2] The age of electricity began in 1882 when Thomas A. Edison introduced a system of electric lighting in New York City. Electricity was later applied to driving all kinds of machinery as well as powering locomotives and streetcars. Electric lighting quickly spread across the United States and was soon adopted in Europe. The electrical industry was dominated by large companies that developed new products and then manufactured and marketed them. These companies were based in Germany and the United States but sold their goods all over the world. They were the first multinational corporations. Companies like Westinghouse and General Electric helped to electrify cities in Europe, Africa, and South America.

[3] The steel and chemical industries used new technology that greatly increased production. The size of factories increased rapidly, employing more workers and using more machinery. These industries integrated all stages of production under a single corporate structure. They bought out competitors and acquired sources of raw materials and retail outlets. Corporations such as U.S. Steel and Standard Oil controlled all stages of manufacturing the product, from mining and drilling to delivering it to the customer.

[4] The larger size of business presented great challenges to¹ managers who administered enormous organizations with many branches and subsidiaries. Advances in communications and transportation helped decision makers to maintain control. The electric telegraph invented by S. Morse in 1844 was applied to relay commercial information about prices and markets. It was first used in the stock exchanges and on the railway transport. The telephone patented by A. G. Bell in 1876 became a useful tool for managers to keep in contactwith the widely disperse² parts of their businesses. New methods of management were devised that stressed³ central control, planning, and using efficient production methods. One of the leading advocates of “scientific management” was Frederick Winslow Taylor.

[5] The Second Industrial Revolution marked great progress in the methods of mass production. More and more industries used interchangeable parts⁴ and machine tools. Electric power replaced steam power in factories. In 1913, Henry Ford introduced the assembly line in the manufacture of his cars. The assembly line greatly increased the speed of manufacture and soon it was used in many industries.

Notes: 1) to present great challenges to – ставить сложные задачи перед кем-л., значительно

усложнить работу кого-л., требовать решения сложных проблем

2) widely dispersed – находящиеся/расположенные далеко друг от друга

3) to stress – придавать большое значение чему-л.

4) interchangeable parts – взаимозаменяемые детали

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