Authoritative and totalitarian political systems

IV. The Political mode. The major characteristic of political system is the political mode (from an armour. regimen - management). In modern political science at definition of a political mode compete the legal approach accenting formal norms and rules of departure of the power by institutes of the state, and sociological, leaning against the analysis of means and ways of realisation of the real public power. As has shown the historical experiment, the sociological approach for he allows to consider as agents of the power not only the government or official structures, but also those which sometimes are not possessing the official status of grouping which really influence acceptance of political decisions has appeared in more adequate way of reflexion of a political mode. The political mode can be characterised as set of the most typical methods of functioning of the basic institutes of the power used by them of resources and ways of compulsion which make out and structure real process of interaction of the state and a society. Guillermos О’Доннел and Phillip Shmittercharacterise it as set of the obvious or latent structures, “which forms and access channels to leading governmental posts, and also the characteristics of figures used by them resources and strategy define”.

Political mode - more mobile and dynamical phenomenon, than power system. In this sense evolution of the same system of the power can carry out in the form of several political modes. For example, in the USSR the system of the Soviet power established at V.I.Lenin, was transformed then to the Stalin mode which liquidation has generated so-called “Khruschev's thaw” that then to give way to a collective leadership mode at Leonid Iliche Brezhnev ( 1906-1982 ). Modes spend and simultaneously personify a certain state policy, develop and carry out this or that state course, purposefully spend a concrete line of conduct of the state in internal and foreign policy. The most favourable and preferable to ruling modes is the policy of centrism. It promotes minimisation of conflicts, helps to use more structurally political potential of all society, maintains mutually valid relations between elite and not elite layers. At the same time the majority of modes as one of the most widespread means of strengthening of own positions chooses populism. It is such type of a policy which is based on constant promotion by the authorities of unreasonable promises to citizens, on use of demagogical slogans, methods of advances with a society for the sake of growth of popularity of leaders.

In too time the political mode is a way of functioning of political system of a society which defines character of life in the country and reflects political freedom level, and also the relation of authorities to legal bases of their validity. Signs of a political mode are:

- cтепень participations of the people in mechanisms of formation of the political power, and also ways of such formation;

- A parity of the rights and freedom of the person with the rights and behaviour of the state;

- гарантированность the rights and personal freedoms;

- The characteristic of real mechanisms of realisation of the power in a society;

- Position of mass media, publicity degree in a society and a transparency of activity of machinery of state;

- A place and a role of not state structures in political system;

- Type of political behaviour of the big groups of people;

- The account of interests of minority at acceptance of political decisions;

- Domination of certain methods at power realisation;

- Degree of leadership of the law in all spheres of public life;

- Political both legal position and a role in a society of power structures of the state (army, police, the agencies of state security);

- A measure of political pluralism in a society;

- Existence of real mechanisms of attraction to political and legal responsibility of officials, including most the higher.

V. Irrespective of, what mode of type develops in this or that concrete country or what political policy is offered to the country its ruling elite, all activity of imperious bodies, finally, submits to the purposes of preservation of stability of political usages supervised by them. According to many leading theorists, stability, is the most important characteristic not only a political mode, but also a social order as a whole. In the political world exist stable, средне stable and extremely astable modes.

Stability of a political mode represents the difficult phenomenon including such parametres, as preservation of system of board, the statement of a civil order, preservation of legitimacy and maintenance of reliability of management. Criteria of stability can be: in power, its support on the parties presented in a legislature, multi-party system degree, dissociation of forces in parliament etc. it is possible to carry term of a finding of the government To stability factors: presence of a constitutional order supported by the authorities and legitimacy of a mode; effective realisation of the power; flexible use of power means of compulsion; observance of public traditions; carrying out of the thought over and effective governmental strategy; steady maintenance and relations of the power with opposition and level of tolerance of the population to non-standard ideas; performance by the government of the basic functions.

Contrary to stability, instability accompanies processes of qualitative reforming, basic transformations in a society and the power more often. Instability factors concern: cultural and political splits in a society; an inattention to needs of citizens from the state; an intense competition of the parties adhering to opposite ideological positions; the offer to a society of unusual ideas and forms of the organisation of an everyday life. The American scientist D.Sandros has come to a conclusion that instability is directly proportional to action of such factors, as urbanization and overpopulation growth; industrial development which destroys natural social communications; easing of mechanisms of sociopolitical control; trading and financial dependence of the country on external sources. At the same time it inversely proportional to level of legitimacy of a mode; development of political institutes; To increase of social and economic mobility, rates of economic development; to perfection of a network of political communications; to a consensus in elite and to other similar factors.

VI. On the basis of the characteristic of ruling modes distinguish totalitarian, authoritative and democratic types of political systems. The political system of modern Russia endures a difficult condition of a transition period. All basic elements of this system - statehood, political parties and party system, basic elements of a civil society - still continue to be formed. It is not up to the end cleared, what will be mutual relations of becoming political system with a society. Now both under the form, and on character the situation develops in advantage of liberally-democratic political system. However continue to exist and самопроявляться and other tendencies - social democratic and authoritative. If to speak about the administrative device Russia all balanced several years ago between development in the form of original federation and confederative tendencies, now shows obvious tendency to centralisation. If to speak about party system, most likely, in Russia there will be a multi-party system, instead of two-party to what present efforts of the authorities are directed. Some features are inherent in political system of modern Russia: domination in an institutional subsystem of enforcement authorities to the detriment of functions of legislative institutes; low relative density of political parties in public life, their weak influence on the power, a society; as a whole insufficient ability of reaction of system on the impulses going both from objects, and from subjects властвования; imbalance of prerogatives and social responsibility of the authorities of the central, regional and local levels. It out of time and inadequately reacts to existing and again arising interests of those or others страт the Russian society.

Deep transformations of material and spiritual life of modern mankind have led to formation of new dynamical type of the political organisation of a society. It is characterised by more free relations between parts and elements of the political system, the developed public control of political life and regularly operating legal, political and cultural mechanisms, mastering with which can give to political system of the Russian Federation the big viability, stability and durability.

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