Come true, Fall ill, Go wrong, Turn red,

Pragmalinguistics).

Paralinguistics,

Sociolinguistics,

Grammar,

Stylistics,

Phonetics,

The history of the lg.,

Stylistics studies the same problems as Lexicology: meaning, connotations, synonymy, functional differentiation of the vocabulary, etc.: Maiden (poet.) – Girl – lass.

Lexicology and phonetics (sound and meaning):

Hip – hop – hope- heap- - hoop;(substitution test)

Tip – top; tip – pit;

Import::to import (position of stress);

Blackbird:: black bird

(Spoonerisms (W.A. Spooner) – jocular transposition of the initial sounds of two or more words) - Our queer old dean – our dear old queen.

Historical phonetics and historical phonology:

Whole (unwounded, to make whole), heal(healthy), hail(salutation to be healthy) are etymologically related words.

Lexicology and grammar:

Head of the committee – to head a committee ( interdependence oflexical and grammatical meaning).

Examples of mixed context:

Run dry ‘become smth’ (only verbs of motion are used) It is not poetry, but prose run mad.(A.Pope).

Syntactical context: “The house is gone. ( absence )

You are not going to sit there saying nothing, are you?”( an action in future )

“…how a novel that has now had a fairly long life, as novels go, has come to be written” (Maugham).( comparison with the average)

Frighten, amuse, awaken; say, talk, think (only with animate nouns) - W.Chafe.

Lexicology and etymology

Brothers (family relationship;

Brethren (arch.) (members of the club or society);

Genius – geniuses (of exceptional intellect ) – genii ( evil or good spirit) .

Arm – arms:‘To take arms against the sea of troubles’ – lexicalization: authorities, colours, customs, looks, manners, pictures, works.

Futurity: shall – will come, going to, future, tomorrow, by and by, time to come, hereafter;

Plurality: Houses, boys, books; crowd, party, company, group.

Lexicology and Word Formation:

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