Meaning is studied as interdependence btw words and their referents (things or concepts)

Syntagmatic relations are based on linear character of speech (contextual, valency, distributional, transformational, etc. analysis)

The morphological structure of words, their phonetic, structural and semantic characteristics;

Wooden (adj), strengthen (v), oxen(n).

The main branches of lexicology:

2. Etymology of words, the sources of borrowing. Whole – heal – hail ( etymologicallyrelated ) “unharmed, unwounded, made whole, heal’’ = hail! (Be healthy> call).

3. Semantic and thematic classification of the word stock. Say – talk – think (human being);

4. Word formation (post -impressionists) and phraseology (to take the bull by the horns, to see red, birds of a feather).

5. Stylistic differentiation of the vocabulary. brothers – brethren (arch.);

The theoretical problems of a word:

· the theory of meaning,

· semantic groups and fields,

· Functional differentiation of the vocabulary, etc.)

The paradigmatic relations (interdependence of words within a vocabulary):

- synonymy,

- antonymy,

- hyponymy,

- functional styles:

head, chief, director;

work:: labour;

refuse:: reject:: decline;

busy – idle;

man:: chap:: guy:: bloke.

Miss, v.n. (homonyms )

Diachronic interdependence of words within the lexical subsystem:

harvest, v.n.-“ the gathering of grain”, “the season for reaping, autumn”

Autumne (Romance word)>autumn

Referential (onomasiological) approach (theory of nomination):

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