Ways of Translating the Lexical Meaning of Genuine Internationalisms

Taking into account various peculiarities of meaning and form of international lexemes, several ways of conveying their meaning can be suggested:

1. Literal translating of genuine internationalisms shouldn’t be regarded as a mechanical substitution of each letter of the source language lexeme for a corresponding letter of the target language. In many cases a letter can be dropped or added in the target language when it is not in full conformity with its sound or spelling systems. Nevertheless, there are many letter-to-letter transliterated genuine internationalisms in English and Ukrainian. Latin: dentist - дантист, microscope - мікроскоп, rector - ректор; Greek: poet - поет, stadium - стадіон, theater - театр; Italian: pizza - піцца, solo - соло; Spanish: tango - танго, armada - армада; English: club - клуб, mister - містер, shilling - шилінг; French: chef - шеф, festival - фестиваль; German: Deutsche Mark – дойч марк; Hindi: khaki - хакі, sari - сарі; Japanese: kimono - кімоно.

2. Translating via Transcribing/conveying the sound structure. Many genuine internationalisms are faithfully rendered into the target language in their sounding form. This kind of translation provides the rendition of the lexical meaning of a lot of internationalisms originating from English, French and some other languages: English: boom - бум, box - бокс, jeans - джинси, knock-out - нокаут, leader - лідер; French: boulevard - бульвар, bouquet - букет, prize - приз.

3. Translating by practical transcribing. Translating of genuine and mixed-type international compounds is performed on the basis of and in accordance with the lingual form and structure of their componential parts. As a result, English international compounds can be rendered in the following ways:

a) with the help of corresponding compounds having the same international root morphemes as in the source language: electro-biology - електробіологія, film-actor - кіноактор, radio-active - радіоактивний, six-footer - шестифутовий.

b) by word-combinations consisting of the same componential parts as in the international English compound words but of different than in the source language morphological structure and nature of a componental parts of speech: dance-music (N+N) – танцювальна музика (a), nerve-center – нервовий центр (a).

4. Descriptive translating of international lexemes. Depending on the nature of the lexemes, their translation may have two somewhat different realizations:

a) the lingual form of the source language lexemes can be retained as the main lexemes of the target language word-combination/sentences: classifiable – той, та, що піддається класифікації, energizing – викликати енергію.

b) the lingual form of the internationalism is not or can not be retained in the target language. It happens when the internationalism hasn’t been adopted yet by the target language. Thus the noun epilogue is a genuine internationalism in many European languages but the adjective epilogic derived from it is unknown in Ukrainian. Some internationalisms can be substituted in the process of translation with the aim of achieving expressiveness or for the sake of explaining their denotative meaning: twopenny – нікчемний/копійчаний (вартий двох пенні).

5. Translating by way of synonymous substitution. The substitutions are mostly performed in larger context, though sometimes they may also be carried out at language level. This kind of substitution becomes possible due to the existence in the target language of internationalisms borrowed by it at different previous historical periods: base – база, фундамент; diagram – діаграма, графік; athletics – атлетика, гімнастика.

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