Practice 2

1. Prove that the words a finger and to finger ("to touch or handle with the fingers") are two words and not the one word finger used either as a noun or as a verb.

2. What features of Modern English have produced the high productivity of conversion?

3. Which categories of parts of speech are especially affected by conversion?

4. Prove that the pair of words love, n. and love, v. do not present a case of conversion.

5. One of the italicized words in the following examples was made from the other by conversion. What semantic correlations exist between them?

1. a) "You've got a funny nose," he added, b) He be­gan to nose about. He pulled out drawer after drawer, pottering round like an old bloodhound. 2. a) I'd seen so many cases of fellows who had become perfect slaves of their valets, b) I supposed that while he had been valeting old Worplesdon Florence must have trodden on his toes in some way. 3. a) It so happened that the night before I had been present at a rather cheery little supper, b) So the next night I took him along to supper with me. 4. a) Buck seized Thorton's hand in his teeth, b) The desk clerk handed me the key. 5. a) A small hairy object sprang from a basket and stood yapping in the middle of the room, b) There are advantages, you see, about rooming with Julia.

6. Explain the semantic correlations within the following pairs of words.

Shelter — to shelter, park — to park, groom — to groom, elbow — to elbow, breakfast — to breakfast, pin — to pin, trap — to trap, fish — to fish, head — to head, nurse — to nurse

5. What is understood by composition? What do we call words made by this type of word-building?

6. Into what groups and subgroups can compounds be subdivided structurally? Illustrate your answer with examples.

7. Which types of composition are productive in Modern English? How can this be demonstrated?

8. What are the interrelationships between the meaning of a compound word and the meanings of its constituent parts? Point out the principal cases and give examples.

9. What are the italicized elements in the words giv­en below? What makes them different from affixes? from stems?

statesman, waterproof, cat-like, trustworthy.

10.What are the two processes of making shortenings? Explain the productivity of this way of word-building and stylistic characteristics of shortened words. Give examples.

11.What minor processes of word-building do you know? Describe them and illustrate your answer with examples.

14. Define the particular type of word-building process by
which the following words were made and say as much as
you can about them.

A mike; to babysit; to buzz; a torchlight; homelike; theatrical; old-fashioned; to book; unreasonable; SALT; Anglo-American; to murmur; a pub; to dilly-dally; okay; eatable; a make; a greenhorn; posish; a dress coat; to bang; merry-go-round; H-bag; B.B.C.; thinnish; to blood-transfuse; a go; to quack; M.P.; to thunder; earthquake; D-region; fatalism; a find.

15. Find shortenings in the jokes and extracts given be­low and specify the method of their formation.

1. B r o w n: But, Doc, I got bad eyes!
Doctor: Don't worry. We'll put you up front. You won't miss a thing.

2. "How was your guard duty yesterday, Tom?"
"O. K. I was remarkably vigilant."

"Were you?"

"Oh, yes. I was so vigilant that I heard at once the relief sergeant approaching my post though I was fast asleep."

3. "Excuse me, but I'm in a hurry! You've had that phone 20 minutes and not said a word!" "Sir, I'm talking to my wife."

4. Two training planes piloted by air cadets collided in mid-air. The pilots who had safely tailed out were interrogated about the accident:

"Why didn't you take any evasive action to avoid hitting the other plane?"

"I did," the first pilot explained, "I tried to zigzag. But he was zigzagging, too, and zagged when I thought he was going to zig."

16. Find compounds in the following jokes and extracts and
write them out in three columns: A. Neutral compounds.
B. Morphological compounds. C. Syntactic compounds.

1. Pat and Jack were in London for the first time. During a tour of the shops in the West End they came to an expensive-looking barber's. "Razors!" exclaimed Pat. "You want one, don't you? There's a beauty there for twenty-five bob, and there's another for thirty bob. Which would you sooner have?" "A beard," said Jack, walking off.

2. The children were in the midst of a free-for-all. "Richard, who started this?" asked the father as he came into the room. "Well, it all started when David hit me back."

3. That night, as they cold-suppered together, Barmy cleared his throat and looked across at Pongo with a sad sweet smile. "I mean to say, it's no good worrying and trying to look ahead and plan and scheme and weigh your every action, because you never can tell when doing such-and-such won't make so-and-so happen — while, on the other hand, if you do so-and-so it may just as easily lead to such-and-such."

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