Lecture 8. Subject: The main trends of world cultural development in the XX - early XXI century

Plan
1. Social and cultural developments in the world at the turn of the century and their influence on literature and painting.
2. The development of musical culture and architecture of Europe and the world during the twentieth century.
3. Cinema - the art of the modern era, its genres, the best achievements and outstanding representatives.

Basic concepts: modern era, modernism, scientific and technological revolution, totalitarianism, nabizm, Fauvism, Cubism, Dada, Surrealism, Expressionism, Abstraction, dodekafoniya, neoclassicism, constructivism, urbanization, population explosion, functionalism, neorealizm in cinema, mainstream, arthauz, postmodernism.

8.1. Day in which mankind has entered the early twentieth century. Is called a modern or contemporary. Its feature is the very fact that the current generation now become direct participants, the subjects of the events of this turbulent period. Tests that have befallen countries and nations have an unprecedented nature, and this applies not only political, governmental, military conflicts, economic crises and depressions, but also the spiritual and cultural life of the whole human community. Challenge day gradually became planetary, global and content, and the efficiency answers directly depends the fate of human civilization. Despite the cultural, confessional, ethnic, racial diversity, the world community faced the challenge of developing universal values, to overcome xenophobia and safeguard the Earth from catastrophic threats.Western and, to some extent, the whole world culture of XX century - is actually three relatively independent "age": "beautiful era" first twelve years of the century, the era of "lost generation" between the two world wars and postwar (after the Second World War 1939-1945 years) of peace. It is the culture that created the prominent literary, pictorial, musical, architectural masterpieces, masterpieces in film and theater that marked major achievements in science, technology, technology. However, this is the era that gave birth to a powerful antykulturu that mifs history to unprecedented demand until totalitarianism (another "invention" of the twentieth century).
Analyzing the processes of cultural development of the modern era, you must apply to the European literature of the twentieth century. At the beginning of the century in Europe worked great galaxy of eminent writers who had influenced the development of literature of all centuries. In France - France is the first A. (1844-1924) and R. Rolland (1866-1944); in England - A. Conan Doyle (1859-1930), EL Voynich (1864-1960), Shaw (1856-1950), G. Wells (1866-1946), J. Galsworthy (1867-1933), D. Joyce (1882-1941), Germany - T. Mann (1875-1955), G. Mann (1871-1950), RMRilke (1875-1926). Most of them were later Nobel Prize. Since they began their creative activity in the XIX century., Radical changes in the literature of the early XX century. not occurred, a new modern style coexisted with realistic and romantic works.However, it is in modern style created significant works of the day. However, regardless of genre and style, the man and his world remain in the literature of XX century. the main subject of outstanding works. Note that after the First World War, social and cultural situation in Europe has changed dramatically - destroyed the traditional idea of ​​humanism, man, good and evil. Was undermined faith in reason and reasonable ontological foundation of the world, began a global reassessment of values. Manifestation of the formation of a new humanism was the work of T. Mann.Author family epic "Buddenbrooks" (Nobel Prize, 1929), T. Mann clearly saw the danger to humanity is a reactionary myth-making of the XX century., Can destroy civilizing principle in human existence, lead to the establishment of the rule of bloody kind antyelity.
Common form of the novel in the XX century. was the novel that F. Mauriac identified as novel Rica. In this genre were created works of T. Mann ("Buddenbrooks"), Roland R. ("Jean-Christophe"), D. Galsworthy ("Forsyte Saga"), J. Duhamel (1884-1966, "The Life and Adventures Salavena "), Jean Romain (1885-1972," People of good will "). According to all these wonderful works can make much better idea about the various aspects of European countries and peoples in the XX century. Than from scientific treatises on the same topic.
Tragic page in the history of Europe and the world became fascism and Nazi dictatorship in Germany 1933-1945 biennium, and many European writers in the active Army, the guerrilla detachments or in the resistance movement gained experience dealing with it. Nabuv such an experience, and Albert Camus, who participated in the French resistance movement. Writer, actor, playwright and journalist Camus hated fascism and warned people against indifference about it.These thoughts he expressed in his novel "Plague," which emphasizes that fascism - a plague with which to fight constantly.
It should be noted that the new trends in Western European art of the XX century.were due to a large extent, cognitive, intellectual innovations of the day. Twentieth century began in Europe a brilliant period of flourishing culture, called "Belle epok."Intellectual and artistic works developed under the general euphoria caused by the success of scientific-technological revolution: the first success of cinema, the first flights of aviators, the World Exhibition in Paris in 1900, and more. During this period, artists from around the world, shocked the glory of the French school of painting XIX century, Gathered in Paris, which is witnessing the birth of new directions in art. In particular, nabizm, whose, P. Bonnard, J. Vilar, P. Seryuzye, united in 1888 in a circle, when one of them was not even 20 years and set a goal to be "prophets" in art.However, the outlook nabizmu was laid a deeper meaning: it was an attempt to overcome the dominant society in comparison with the art of mathematics, a similar juxtaposition of religion and science. It was an attempt, as they said themselves nabisty, associate art with the cosmos through the introduction into it (in art) mathematical proportions. Nabizm actually become a link of the new avant-garde art to cultural symbolism of the XIX century.
Another trend in art of the twentieth century was Fauvism. This is the name of several paintings of young artists such as Matisse and A. R. Dyufi received them after the Paris exhibition of their works in 1905 for the emotional power and natural dynamics that distinguished the work of these artists. For the entire group (J. Rouault, Matisse A., R. Dyufi, etc.). Most talented was Henri Matisse (1859-1954), which represents, together with P. Picasso, European painting of the XX century. He created his poetry, his poetic world, his technical and stylistic searches have always been in the service of poetry. The artist was fond of attractive accessories, plants, flowers, birds, he created a happy, removing tension humanism - a phenomenon exclusive to modern painting.
Another trend in painting led the audience in the early centuries of great interest - is Cubism, the first artists who were P. Cezanne, P. Picasso (1881-1973), F. Leger (1881-1955). In their paintings appear cubes, cylinders and cones as a specific attempt to deepen the painting. As the pictures detail the artists refuse to play reality and now consider it their task to consider is the problem of reality and the problems of the art, culture, which for various reasons opynyalasya in crisis. Cubists felt the deep sense of painting ideas. They understood it as a reality that exists in the mind of the artist. Cubism is one of the varieties of artistic abstraction. It exempts from the meaning of visual images and replaces them with geometric abstractions. For the Cubists real event is the thinking that happens in the mind of the creator or viewer.Bodily form in the works of the Cubists are replaced by geometric, false dealing with reality only metaphorically. Since Cezanne, artists represent ideas. This is the most important characteristic of the new art of XX century. Works by Picasso in many ways defined the character of European art of the XX century., Developing for decades, it was the catalyst for his philosophical and aesthetic ideas, brilliant reflection of the artist on the fractures and contradictions of cruel, inhuman century.
In other areas of European paintings were Dada and Surrealism. Dadaism arose in Switzerland in 1916, and author of "Dada" (from the word Dada - baby talk) was T. Tzara, the first Dadaists - L. Breton, M. Duchamp, T. Tzara himself. Since moving to Paris Dadaists before them, joined by artists X. Miro, F. Pikabiya, poets and P. L. Aragon Elyuar. Sami movement supporters considered it illogical chaotic direction.His art Dadaists saw the release of subconscious way to transform the world.Dadaism lasted until 1922, then on his soil came Surrealism, whose principles formulated in A. Breton "Surrealist Manifesto." The term coined by Guillaume Apollinaire famous poet. Originating in the literature, surrealism later turned to painting, theater and cinema. Frequently surrealism in painting came just as the visibility, the ability to partition and installing a noticeable connection showiness opposite things gave him an advantage over other types of culture. The source of his creativity "nadrealisty" declared field of dreams and the unconscious. The major Surrealist painters-were S. More, G. Arp, X. Miro, A. Masson, M. Ernst. Surrealism - is not just a creative method of one of the arts, it is a whole philosophy that has allowed and surrealism on quite a long time to become the methodology of the whole of European culture.
The basis of the methodology of surrealism is intuitivism A. Bergson and psychoanalysis of Freud. Imagination, intuition, the unconscious are synthesized in the creative act, which, in turn, allows for "connection nepoyednannoho", "generally incorrect", "free association". Need to "disturb" the world, breaking his alleged ties to awaken the mind to a "higher reality" to nadrealnosti. Surrealist artist-as a starting point of his life chooses images of the outside world. Meticulousness and precision photographic canvases S. Then (1904-1989) became the personification of this style, as well as the shock that they generate in the viewer. These combination of images allow artists to exhaust all the resources of his imagination. But along with real elements are present here and others, those arising from the irrational world unconscious.

In other areas of painting should be noted abstraction and expressionism. The success of abstract art, undoubtedly contributed to the commercialization of art, but also affected other reasons: some snobbery, the need for non-figurative decoration.Abstraction was the completion of the pilot demarche initiated Cubists and surrealists. Recent studies have reached the end of the real, the change which came drawings Dutchman P. Mondrian (1872-1944), one of the first abstract is believed that the pure geometric form - this is a real beauty. A somewhat different understanding of exemption from real encounter forms in the works of Russian artist W. Kandinsky (1866-1944), who in 1910 created the first abstract watercolor. This watercolor was an expression of liberation from the plot, from all contingencies of the external world, from all external contingencies in general, colorful and musical expression of its own internal rhythm, and, wrote about this picture, "indescribable message hidden space." Experts called abstract painting "metaphysical", "knocking confused," "incomprehensible."
Over time, abstract art has become a universal language, and for some it was the continuation of spontaneous instinctive gesture. For others it was a spiritual experience, which was impasse. Revealing in this respect is suicide in 1955 abstractionist N. de Stael, whose works express the terrible state of insecurity of being in the world, put the question to which no answers were a reflection of something restless, rozdyrayuchym soul and finally crushing. Abstraction was a kind of attempt by means of painting to express the ideas of existentialism.
Close to the position occupied by supporters of abstraction expressionism.Uncertainty ideological and artistic programs led to a kind of pluralism expressionism. Inherent emotional acuity was in the works of French expressionist, as J. Rouault, M. Hromer, A. Marchand, B. Byuffe. Like some other currents of modernism in European painting, expressionism was a product of the consequences of World War I, which opened a world of cruelty and zoriyentuvala many artists to express in his works of horror that the war bore in their hearts. Expressionism sought to distort or exaggerate natural appearance to reflect the inner world of man (good example - a picture of Norwegian artist E. Munch "Scream").
8.2. European musical culture of the XX century is marked by many new and original trends and achievements. In this context, can identify some general trends in modern music. Music of the XX century. characterizes the thirst for new means of expression of sound, it takes them everywhere around us - in architecture, painting, poetry, sound and noise of everyday life. At the beginning of the century more utverdzhuyutsya new aesthetic ideas to replace Wagner, Verdi, Saint-Saens comes a new generation of musicians, which tends to such musical forms as veryzm, symbolism, expressionism, impressionism. Exponents of new musical ideas at the beginning of the century were the French composers Claude Debussy (1862-1918), founder of musical Impressionism, and Maurice Ravel (1875-1937). This also applies to the German composer Richard Strauss (1864-1949), Norwegian composer Edvard Grieg (1843-1907) and the Finnish composer Jean Sibelius (1865-1957).
One of the trends in the music of the XX century was the transition from expressionism to neo-classicism, which was reflected in the work of Richard Strauss, who created the beginning of the century, in the style of expressionism, symphonic poem "Don Juan" and "Don Quixote", opera motsartivskoho like "Rose Cavalier."However, Expressionism developed not only in neo-classicism, but also in style dodekafoniyi, the founder of which was a theorist Expressionism A. Schoenberg (1874-1951), creator of the so-called atonal music. After World War I Schoenberg developed a system of musical composition dvanadtsyatytonovu - dodekafoniyu. In his vocal works he replaced the singing jotted says (something between ordinary language and musical recitative). To achieve the desired sound dodekafonisty used magnetic and electronic instruments.
Another aspect of Art Nouveau in the music of the XX century was constructivism.According to the Constructivists, the modern composer - a technician, even if he continues to be in his world of aesthetic inspiration. He thinks like a scientist uses an experimental method and treats the piano as a laboratory tool, with which he creates some under various sound combinations. An example is the combination of several independent melodic lines, which resorted P. Hindemith (1895-1963), German composer, conductor and theorist, advocate of neo-classicism, the author of the operas "The artist Matisse" and "Harmony of the World".
Gradually, to the extent that both the European consciousness betrayed the transferred as a result of World War I turmoil in Western music began to sound more natural motifs. In particular, the "Pastoral Symphony" mole, "Summer Pastoral" Honegger, "Poem on the forest" Roussel. It was returning, after various eksperymentatorstva to sources, the initial harmony of the world, where the first civilization drew its wealth of musical expression. This was evidence that musical modernism was not the ultimate limit opportunities for Western music. Proof of this was the work of British composer Britten (1913-1976), who successfully combined his work in the national musical traditions, classical European musical tradition and modern facilities.
Changes in the overall socio-cultural situation in Europe at the beginning of the century is also reflected in the architecture. Affected by the consequences of scientific and technological revolution and the emergence of new building materials (concrete) experience direct use of metal as a building material (the Eiffel Tower in Paris), and changes in social order - the demographic problem, the increasing number of industrial enterprises, large cities and their population (urbanization). The need to build quickly, efficiently, with minimal costs pressured the architecture and led to its nature and trends in the new century. Proceed as integration of technology with the art of building, but given the utilitarian and functional nature of the latter, faced new problems of architectural aesthetics, around which the discussion continued, and this day.
At the turn of the century architecture appears in Art Nouveau style, which overcame widespread earlier eclecticism that skovuvav further development of architecture. The ideal material for the implementation of their plans this style found in iron. Its distinctive external features were a lot of curves and accumulation of decorative elements. The main exponents of this style were Himar Hector (1867-1942) in France and the Spanish architect Antonio Gaudi (1853-1926). Himar, according to experts, the best way personifikuvav concept and effectiveness of this style, being both an architect and decorator. For him, architecture was all right: housing, its decor, the elements of practical use and all the usual things, inseparable from the place and way of life. Other masterpieces of Art Nouveau buildings is the Spanish architect Gaudi - La Sagrada Familia cathedral's name and design of residential complex "Casa Mila" in Barcelona, ​​which affect the oddness of his character, his fantastic forms.
It should be noted that modern, except for metal and concrete, used in lining ceramics, glass, wood and tiles aesthetically intelligent irrigation. In the decoration of buildings widely used motifs algae and women's heads with her hair. However, this style was characterized by serious and redundancy in external treatment of buildings.Examples are the large and small palaces in Paris Yeliseyskih fields on the front which can be seen in abundance pretentious, fancy fancy decorations. This determined and, finally, the gradual replacement of modern functionalism, which were based on the ideas of rationalism, utilitarianism and tehnitsyzmu. In functionalism focus on the proportions of facade surfaces, windows, piers, on the expression of basic tools. Its construction materials are concrete and reinforced concrete. The leading representative of the functionalism of the XX century. was a Frenchman Le Corbusier (1887-1965), who promptly noticed the demographic problem and created a theory of urban construction, with its subject. The basis of this theory are two ideas - a normal life to people, despite their numerical growth, and preservation of natural surroundings, in harmony with how people should live. Both of these conditions, according to the concept Corbusier, ensured the construction of multistory apartment buildings on a flat surface for breeding gardens on the roof. These ideas were the basis for the reconstruction project Corbusier of Paris.
8.3. The notion of "cinema" means a system, and technology of film, developed by brothers Auguste and Louis Jean Lyumyer. Officially, it is believed that film originated Dec. 28, 1895 On this day in the cabin "Grand Cafe" on Bobillot in Paris held a public display of "cinema Lyumyer brothers." However, still ongoing debate about the primacy in the invention of techniques and technologies. Thus, in 1891 the American Thomas Edison with his assistant William Dickson invented the Scot shooting apparatus, named their film. See movies filmed them should have been using kinetoskopu. In addition, Max and Emily suggested Skladanovski to the Berlin public its "bioskop" a few weeks earlier brethren Lyumyer. Residents of Odessa and Michael Joseph Timchenko Freydenberh actually invented the motion-picture camera, which easily turned into a projection. In the summer of 1893 Timchenko takes two scenes - "Riders" and "Throwers spears", and in November the same year he demonstrates in Odessa hotel "France." At the beginning of the next, 1894 Timchenko carries his invention to Moscow, where the January 9, 1894 the above mentioned tape shows participants of the All-Russian Congress of Physicians and pryrodnychnykiv. Thus, each of these inventors on a full basis can claim the glory and the title of the first film-maker in the world.
At the turn of the century kinotehnolohiya becomes the basis for the emergence of "seventh art" (literature, music, theater, painting, sculpture, architecture) - cinema, which until 1927 was a "big dumb" and came to him of such prominent figures as film director Jean Renoir (1894-1979), cinema begins to gradually gain independence, along with other forms of culture. In European cinema reflected all the major creative methods of XX century - Realism, neorealizm, romanticism, modernism, melodramatyzm, intellectualism. Prominent artists created the outstanding films, among them, including such artists as Robert Rosselini ("Rome - Open City"), F. Lang, P. Pazolini ("Matthew", "Decameron"), I. Bergman ("Strawberry glade", "Autumn Sonata"), L. Visconti ("The Fall of Gods", "Rocco and His Brothers"), L. Bunyuel, Charles Chaplin, S. Eisenstein, Dovzhenko.

It should be noted that the film won a special place in the cultural history of the twentieth century. He was a synthetic art and, to some extent, a symbol of the century.In the film gradually developed three genres:
• fiction, feature films;
• neihrovi - documentary and non-fiction films;
• cartoon (animation) films.
This evolution of the fine arts led to the birth of cinema, but in the words of prominent French director J.-L. Godard, cinema - it is the truth 24 times a second. At the beginning of the century cinema was under strong influence of theater, pantomime movies were actually shot on film. The first "star" was still in mute cinema German actor Max Linder. In the U.S. created "factory of dreams" - Hollywood, where the whole industry has developed with many film studios, major investments, with a powerful creative and commercial potential. It is in the U.S. in 1927 was released first sound film - "Jazz Singer" in these years, there arises a world fame Charles Spencer Chaplin, a unique master of satire and comedy.
Great and acknowledged master of European and world film was Federico Fellini (1920-1995), who created in his many films ("Variety Lights," "The Road", "Kabiriyi Nights," "Sweet Life", "8 and a half", "Satyrikon", "Rome," "Amarcord", "Orchestra Rehearsal") very complete image of postwar Italy. Commencing its operations in the cinema in the age of 20 as a screenwriter, Fellini wrote the script for such a groundbreaking film, as "Rome - Open City" Rosselini, Fellini but then most of his films did their own stories and scripts. In his films Fellini created his own fantasy world, but through it all cinematic means, he outlined all the problems, including economic, political, social, issues of culture and history of Italy and then throughout Europe.
History of European cinema of the second half of the twentieth century was a very pluralistic, along with intelligent, arthauznymy, auteur films starred the brilliant comedy with talented actors in leading roles - Louis de Fyunesom, Burvilem, M. Mastroyani.Ekranizuvalysya operas, ballets, biographies, drama, literary masterpieces of world classics of the past years, science fiction, police treated the militants with the masters of this genre, A. Delaunay, J.-P. Belmondo, Jean Trentinyanom. Being a relatively new form of art, cinema, which has incorporated elements of other branches of culture, showed millions of viewers professionalism and brilliant directing skills such prominent actors as D. Mazin, C. Laurent, A. Magnani, M. Mastroyani (Italy) L. Olive 'is the (UK), M. Dietrich, C. Leander (Germany), G. Garbo, I. Bergman (Sweden), A. Aime, A. Zhirardo, I. Adzhani, F. Noire, J. Trentinyan, G. Depardieu, I. Montana (France). It should be emphasized that in the early postwar decades in Europe, leading positions appeared film in Italy. In the style of neo-realism created their belts V.de Sica, C. Dzavattini, P. Dzhermi, M. Antonioni. Surprise sensation for the entire Western world with the recognition of 1951 Award "Gold Lion" at festivals in Venice Japanese director Kurosawa A.. Then the first cinema of Japan declared himself introduced the world to film "Rasemon." Thereafter, the Far Eastern country nominated kinohudozhnykiv such as N. Oshima, S. Imamura, T. Kitano.
A special place in European and World cinema has always belonged to France, which clearly shows original works of masters such as Jean Cocteau, F. Truffaut, K. Shabrol, L. Mallet. Over the past decades have become more recognized and labor L. Besson, Jean-Zh.Anno, K. Dyuheya, P. Shero, F. Ozone, M. Kassovitsa. In the UK film distinguished by its creativity Attenboro R., A. Hitchcock, P. Greenaway, E. Minhella, S. Mendez, R. Scott. Classic of the modern German cinema were Directors Mr. Wenders, M.fon Trotta, R. Fasbinder, F. Shlondorf. Cinema of Poland unthinkable tapes Keslovskoho K., A. Wajda, A. Żuławski, J. Mahulskoho, K. Zanussi, E. Hoffmann. It has its own traditions and Spanish cinema - classic world-class became K. Saurimo, significant progress achieved A. Amenabar, P. Almodovar. All the more confidently express themselves in the world of Asian cinema representatives whose works enjoyed considerable attention viewers, critics, producers of major Hollywood and European Studies, the organizers of the prestigious film forums. Among the most famous and talented should be noted artists such as Zhang Yimou, Chen Kaiga, Yeung Lee, John Woo, Wong Kar Wai, Feng Xiaogang (China), Kim Ki Duk, Lee Chang Dong (Korea) and Mohsen Makhmalbaf Samir (Iran), M. Night Shyamalan, T. Singh (India), H. Nakata, T. Miyike, T. Shimizu (Japan). Film USA can be divided into Hollywood and independent, and if the first tends to commercial success, the movie "mainstream", the second - to the author, film festival, the so-called "arthauzu." Have become very popular bands such great directors as FF Coppola, K. Eastwood, S. Kubrick, S. Spielberg, C. Kramer, A. Stone, Dzh.Lukas, A. Parker, Dzh.Kemeron, the rule of P., M. Scorsese, B. De Palma, D. Cronenberg. In the 90's consolidated their position in the global film market of large-scale manufacturers, with huge budgets, the films - so-called "blockbusters", shot in the genre of science fiction, historical paintings, "bayopikiv" military adventure movies and dramas. Continued growing interest in the mass audience to the psychological, criminal dramas, detectives, insurgents, thriller, horror films and "horror movies" and also melodramas, youth and lyrical comedies and other types of entertainment movies. Among the authors of this trend can remember Ardzhento D., R. Emmerich, Dzh.Romero, K. Barker, D. Carpenter, William Craven, S. King, C. Tarantino, Robert Rodriguez, S. Snyder, M. Bey, Dzh.Maktirnana, etc..
In the postwar period world cinema was enriched by copyright, intellectual works that stood aside commercial mass film. In this area, successfully worked to create the appropriate kinoshedevry already mentioned classics F. Fellini, S. Kubrick, P. Pazolini, J. Bergman, and later - A. Tarkovsky, M. Forman, M. Yancho, V. Hitilova, E.Kusturica, L.fon Trier, J. Stelling, G. Van Sant. Significant role in maintaining this art cinema content played by the international film festival, jury determined that the best writers, producers, directors, composers, artists, cameramen, actors or worthy films in general. The most reputable and prestigious film forums planet became Cannes Film Festival, Berlinale and Venice festival awards are considered an honor to get all involved in the "seventh art" ("Golden Palm", "Golden Bear", "Gold Lion"). Also, enjoy high prestige award of the National Academy Film USA "Oscar" award of the European kinotovarystva "Cesar", American Press Association Award "Golden Globe".
In modern cinema key role, especially in terms of the economic component, play an investment in this sector. They usually have a non-governmental, private character, and not always intended to only commercial profit, profit. However, there is a film industry, develops and operates under the rules and laws of market economy, and moreover, it has become one of the most attractive areas of modern business. This is illustrated by the size of their funds invested in film production. In the U.S., EU and Japan in 2000 in film production has been invested over 14 billion dollars, and the absolute leader here is the USA where he spent about 10 billion and produced 762 films. Japan with 1.2 billion in 2000 produced 282 paintings, UK - with 849 million capture 90 films in France - with 741 million was produced by 171 tape. Overall in the EU film is removed almost as much as in the U.S., but the money thus spent four times less. However, it is not surprising, since the average cost of a movie filmed in Hollywood was 78.7 million dollars. However, over 20% of all American films were engaged in low-budget independent film studios. The level of profitability Cashbox successful films shows an event that occurred March 2, 1997 - "Titanic" James Cameron became the first film in history, which brought together in a continuous film distribution $ 1 billion. Speaking about the commercial, financial achievements of the modern film industry, not to mention those who are his great popularity and dramatic talent brings producers substantial profits, and a camera crew - tangible fees, and fans of cinema - the intellectual and aesthetic pleasure. Language - the bright and talented "stars the big screen," the older generation which has been mentioned here.The next generation of representatives acting workshop also marked by outstanding names, high quality professionals who often make their participation "meynstrimivske movie" a real art. In a cohort of such masters of screen actors include Europe, USA, Japan, China (E. Hopkins, B. Kingsley, E. Kuyin, T. Mifune, Dzh.Nikolson, K. Eastwood, P. Newman, C. Douglas, M. Brand, D. Hoffman, H. Keitel, Dzh.Hekmen, R. Hauer, R. Gil, D. Hopper, R.de Niro, Al Pacino, D. Sutherland, Dzh.Vuds, M. Freeman, K. Kostner, H. Ford, B. Willis, P. Brosnan, middle and younger generations, such as George Washington, N. Cage, William Defoe, A. Baldwin, E. Harris, D. Lowe, T. Robbins, C. Penn, William Snipes, T. Hanks, H. Oldmen, TL Jones, M. Gibson, R. Crowe, J. Renaud, D. Auteuil, W. Cassel). Without a doubt, to imagine modern cinema without the fair sex is impossible: A. Hepburn, Dzh.Fonda, V. Redgrave, S. Rampling, E. Taylor, C. Deneuve, J. Huppert, M. Streep, K. Turner, C.. Weaver, D. L. Curtis, B. Streisand, E. McDowell, M. Rogers, M. Griffith, N. Kinski, M. Pfayffer, C. Stone, M. Ryan, D. Moore, N. Kidman, K. Beysindzher, M. Bellucci, S. Marceau, J. Binoche, D. Foster, D. Roberts, S. Bullock, J. Barry, R. Zellveher, C. Theron, D. Alba, Hong Li, Zhang Tszyyi, Koyuki, J. Shymada, A. Ray.
Being thereby, mass most affordable kind of culture, contemporary world cinema performs a vital function - entertaining the mass audience, offering him all the more exciting, amazing sight, he at the same time unobtrusively raises questions over the eternal question of human existence, the ratio of the individual and society, interaction between different peoples, cultures, mentalities, styles of spirituality. Because in today's globalized, multicultural area of ​​knowledge, awareness of media is very distinctive ethnic culture, confessions of each other are often not the most effective means of overcoming intolerance, xenophobia, hatred. Aware of this very important mission, understanding its true purpose, contemporary filmmakers and their fans still will cheer ribbons of deep humanistic content and bright, attractive.

Questions for self-control:
1. Describe the major artistic styles and movements of the twentieth century.
2. When, where and who started the art of cinema?
3. What is globalization of the cultural life of the world in the twentieth century.?
4. What fundamental changes have occurred in scientific and technological sphere, and how they influenced the spiritual culture of mankind?
5. Describe the characteristics of totalitarian culture of the twentieth century.
6. What are the outstanding representatives of culture and art modern era you know?
7. Who, where and by which achievement is awarded the Nobel Prize?

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