Ought to

NEED

MUST

MIGHT

MAY

COULD

	Значение	Пример
	Ability
· general ability	The boy could read before he went to school.
· capability	He could read a great deal during the holidays.
· particular ability	Simon was so tired that he couldn’t open the door.
	Theoretical Possibility
· possibility / impossibility due to circumstances	You couldsee the forest through the other window before the new block of houses was erected.
· general possibility	Anyone couldcome and ask him for help.
· occasional possibility	My grandmother could be very unpleasant at times.
· uncertainty / doubt	Could she have been waiting for us so long?
· improbability	You couldn’t be hungry. You’ve just had dinner.
	Opportunity	You could have found a more ingenious excuse.
	Permission
· asking for	Could I borrow $100?
· general permission	On Sundays we could stay up late.

	Значение	Пример
	Permission
· asking for	Now may I go?
· granting	You may smoke in here.
· refusing	Members may not bring more than two visitors into the club.
	Possibility
· ‘chance’ possibility (=possibly)	I wonder how Tom knew about Ann’s engagement? – He may have heard it from Jack.
· possibility due to circumstances	Time adverbs may come at either the end of the sentence, but not in the middle.
· supposition implying uncertainty	He may be busy getting ready for his trip.
· reluctance	I may as well take the child with me.

	Значение	Пример
	Permission
· asking for	Might I speak to him now?
	Possibility
· ‘chance’ possibility (= possibly)	He came home alone. You shouldn’t have let him do that; he might have got lost.
· possibility due to circumstances	It’s too late to phone him now. He might be sleeping.
· supposition implying uncertainty	He might be doing his lessons now.
· reluctance	“I’ll go at six.” “That’s far too late; you might just as well not go at all.”

	Значение	Пример
	Speaker’s / external authority
· obligation	I must remind you that you are giving a presentation tomorrow.
· self-imposed duty	I must see if I can find you something.
· necessity	You must leave her out of it.
· instructions	A trailer must have two rear lamps.
· order	Staff must be at their desks by 9.00.
· emphatic advice	You must come and see us when you are in London.
· prohibition	Staff mustn’t smoke when serving customers.
· deduction	He has a house in London and another in Paris, so he must be rich.

	Значение	Пример
	Necessity (speaker’s authority)
· absence of necessity	You needn’t make two copies. One will do.
· advice	You needn’t worry. Everything will be OK.

	Значение	Пример
	Obligation (neither speaker’s authority or external authority)
· advisability	You ought to read this book. It’s very good.
· desirability	You ought to say a word or two about yourself.
· duty	You ought to feel some respect for your elders.
· appropriateness	At your age you ought to be earning your living.
	Deduction
· flattery	You ought to be very pleased, oughtn’t you?
· assumption	The plane ought to be taking off in a minute.
· deduction	The new sanatorium ought to be very comfortable.
· criticism	You’re paler than you ought to be.

Дата добавления: 2014-01-07