HAVE TO. Значение Пример Obligation (neither speaker’s authority or external authority) · advisability You

SHALL

SHOULD

	Значение	Пример
	Obligation (neither speaker’s authority or external authority)
· advisability	You shouldn’t feel unhappy over such trifles.
· desirability	He looks very ill. He should have stayed at home.
· duty	You should send in accurate income tax returns.
· appropriateness	You should have something better to do with your time.
· instruction	You should use the definite article in this sentence.
	Deduction
· deduction	The film should be very good as it’s starring first-class actors.
· assumption	He should have finished the translation by now.
	Emotional use
· rhetorical questions	Why shouldn’t you invite him?
· object clauses beginning with Why	I don’t see why we should make friends.
· attributive clauses beginning with Why after the noun reason	There’s no reason why they shouldn’t get on very well together.
· constructions and set phrases	Who should come in but his first wife!
· subjunctive mood	She was terrified lest they should go on talking about her.

	Значение	Пример
	Prediction	I shall come into his money in time.
	Volition (speaker’s authority)
· promise	You shall have my answer tomorrow.
· intention	I shall marry Francis whatever happens.
· threat	‘You shall stay just where you are!’ his mother cried angrily.
· warning	You shan’t find it easy to accept.
· offer	Shall I carry that for you?
· suggestion	Shall we tell him?
· instruction	Members shall enter the names of their guests in the book provided.
· request for advice	Which one shall I buy?

4.10. WILL / WOULD

	Значение	Пример
	Prediction
· pure future	He knows he will be late. / He knew he would be late.
· present predictive	He’ ll have finished his supper by now. / Who would that be?
· habitual predictive	An Englishman will usually show you the way in the street. / On Sundays he would getup early and go fishing.
	Volition
· willingness	I’ ll have a sherry, please.
· invitation	Will you have a drink? / What would you like to drink?
· intention	He wouldn’t help me yesterday. / I keep asking him for help but he won’t help me.
· insistence	If you will keep your watch half an hour slow it is hardly surprising that you are late for your appointments. / We all tried to stop him smoking in bed but he would do it.
	Informal use expressing a characteristic action (would)	Bill objected. – He would!
	Assumption (will)	That will be Ann.

	Значение	Пример
	Obligation (external authority)	I have to wipe my feet every time I come in his room.
	Necessity (external authority)	I don’t have to work a full day on Saturday.
	Deduction	I wonder who took the money. – It had to be Tom. He’s the only one who was there.
	Emphatic use	One has only to read the business journal to see the real origin of this war.

Дата добавления: 2014-01-07