Lecture 3. COHESION

Connectivity – Cohesion – Coherence

Lecture 2.

Textual Categories (TC)

TCs appear and function only in the text as a language unit of a higher rank. TCs reveal the cardinal and the most general differential features of the text.

In text linguistic the problem of textual category was widely discussed, but functional, communicative, systemic categories were learned in isolation.

In contemporary text linguistics we operate the term textual discoursive category (Selivanova) – super-overparadigmatic invariant property, that reflects the most essential regularity patterns of textemes and actual texts.

O.Selivanova distinguishes:

1. Coherence

2. Discreteness

3. Informativity

4. Cohesion

5. Continuum

6. Referentiality

7. Anthropocentricity

8. Interactivity

9. Intersemiocity.

O.Morokhovsky distinguishes 5 common features of TCs deviding them into general and particular.

The problem of TC classification also exists. I. Galperin divides TCs into semantic (informativity, presupposition, pragmatics) structural (integration, continuum, retrospection). Z.Turaeva: structural (cohesion, integration, stagnation) and contextual (image of the author, space, context).

Major work on Cohesion -Halliday and Hasan (1976). It is understood as means of linking sentences (phonological, lexical, grammatical).

Cohesive markers/ties/means/links are explicit and implicit. Explicit are expressed by lexical repetition. Implicit – on the basis of context.

Coherence also means unity and connectivity, but it is not concerned with the outer/surface connectivity. Itdeals with inner connectivity: context, situation, conceptual picture, script, etc.

Halliday (1985) states that in English cohesion is created in 4 ways:

1. by reference (exophoric, endophoric),

2. by ellipsis (cf substitution),

3. by conjunction (elaboration, extension, enhancement),

4. by lexical organization (repetition, synonymy, collocation).

Halliday (1985) states that in English cohesion is created in 4 ways:

1. by reference (exophoric, endophoric),

2. by ellipsis (cf substitution),

3. by conjunction (elaboration, extension, enhancement),

4. by lexical organization (repetition, synonymy, collocation).

Reference – mental representation of the object. Reference may be exophoric, endophoric and homophoric (phoric relations).

Exophoric relations refer outside the text to an item of the world. It is known as deictic elements or deixis:

- adv. here and there, that day

- personal and possessive pronouns: e.g.

- demonstrative pronouns: e.g.

- verbs, namely verbs of motion:e.g.

- some tense forms:e.g.

Endophoric reference refers inside the text. Can be:

- cataphoric – forward reference (House that Jack built),

- anaphoric – backward reference. Can be: marked (special) and unmarked (conventional) - identification function (a, the)

- homophoric – self-specifying reference.

Ellipsis – works anaphorically by leaving out something mentioned earlier (e.g.).

Conjunctions:

1. Elaboration – divided into E. by opposition and E. by clarification…

2. Extension conjunctions: additive (and, nor), adversative (but), variation type: alternative, subtractive, replace (instead of, on the contrary way).

3. Enhacement conjunctions – specio-temporal (here, there, near, by), manner (…), causal-conditional (so, there as), matter (in this respect)

Lexical organization as the 4^th means of the cohesion of the text is created by repetition, synonymy and collocation. Repetition is observed in all levels…... Synonymy can be absolute……….. and situational…………….

In terms of cognitive approach cohesion is not distinguished. De Beaugrande and Dressler distinguish two types of coherence only: referential coherence (=cohesion in terms of traditional linguistics) and relational coherence.

Дата добавления: 2014-01-11