USE 1 Permanent situations or states

FORM

SIMPLE PRESENT

[VERB] + s/es in the third person singular

Examples:

· You speak English.

· She works hard.

The interrogative is formed by means of the Present Simple of the auxiliary verb to do and the infinitive of the notional verb without the particle to. The negative form is formed by means of the Present Simple of the auxiliary verb to do and the infinitive of the notional verb without the particle to plus the negative particle not.

· Do you speak English?

· Does she work hard?

· You do not speak English.

· She does not work hard.

The pronunciation of the ending –s (-es) depends on the sound preceding it. It is pronounced as:

[iz] after sibilants [s], [z], [∫], [t∫], [X]: passes, pushes, teaches, catches, judges;

[z] after voiced non-sibilants and vowels: reads, lives, sees, lies, runs, comes;

[s] after voiceless non-sibilants: works, wants, hopes.

Spelling notes:

· Verbs ending in -e add only -s to form the third person singular:

I smoke, he smokes

I like, he likes

I live, he lives

· Verbs ending in -ss, -sh, -ch, -x add -es instead of -s alone, to form the third person singular:

I kiss, he kisses

I rush, he rushes

I watch, he watches

· Verbs ending in -o add -es instead of -s alone, to form the third person singular:

I do, he does

I go, he goes

· Verbs ending in -y preceded by a consonant change -y into -i and add -es:

I carry, he carries

I copy, he copies

I try, he tries

· But verbs ending in -y preceded by a vowel obey the usual rule:

I obey, he obeys

I say, he says

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