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Shall and will




 

Both verbs can’t be considered purely modal ones. They generally combine their modal meanings with the function of an auxiliary expressing futurity.

Shall expresses determination on the part of the speaker, compulsion or order, therat or warning, promise.

As a rule shall as a modal verb is not translated into Russian, its meaning is rendered by emphatic intonation.

1. Compulsion or strict order.

In this meaning it is always used with the second and third persons and has a strong stress.

 

E.g. She shall leave tomorrow! (Она уедет завтра же!) You shall not tell him about it! (Вы не скажете ему об этом!)

In interrogative sentences shall is used in the first and third persons to inquire after the wish of the person addressed.

E.g. Shall I open the door? (Do you want me to open the door?) Shall he go there? (Do you want him to go there?)

2. Threat or warning.

In this meaning it is also used in the second and third persons and with a weak stress.

E.g. If you don’t stop insulting me, you shall never see me again!

3. Promise.

In this meaning it is used in the second and third persons and with a weak stress also.

E.g. Don’t be afraid, you shall not be punished!

 

The modal verb will expresses volition, intention on the part of the speaker, or insistence.

1. Volition and intention. (желание, волеизъявление и намерение)

In most cases this meaning is rendered in Russian by emphatic intonation, but sometimes the verb “ хотеть ” is used. It is used with all the persons but mostly with the first person.

E.g. I will lend you as much money as you need. (Я одолжу вам денег столько, сколько вам требуется.) I will not answer your letter! (Уж я на ваше письмо не отвечу!)

Very often will is used after the conjunction if in conditional clauses where it retains its modal meaning, that is of volition.

E.g. You may laugh if you will, but I was sure I should see her there. (Можете смеяться, если хотите, но я был уверен, что встречу ее там.)

2.The modal verb will is used in polite requests.

E.g. Will you have a cup of tea? Will you give me some more cake?

3. Persistence referring to the present or to the future.

E.g. Don’t tell me about it! - But I will tell you! (А я все равно скажу!)

It’s also used in speaking about lifeless things when the speaker is annoyed at something and speaks about a thing or a phenomenon of nature as if it possessed a will of its own (annoyance or irritation).

E.g. It’s no used trying to open the door, it won’t open. (Нечего стараться открыть эту дверь, она все равно не откроется.) The car will not start, whatever you do. (Машина все равно не заведется, чтобы ты ни делал.)

 

Exercise 277. Read the sentences and translate them into Russian, state the function of the verbs shall and will.

 

1. I must and will be free. 2. Well, you shall talk to him! – And so I shall! 3. I want to help him and I will (Galsworthy). 4. Although it’s not my duty, I will see to it personally. 5. if you will wait here, please, Madame. 6. It’s almost ten. Shall we begin? 7. Aunt Birdie says she will not take “no” for an answer. 8. Oh, you shall come back some day, I am positive that you will. 9. I will not be treated this way! 10. Will you kindly bring me the documents? 11. He shall pay dearly for this insult! 12. Give me a hand, will you? 13. We are lucky he agreed to come at all, but he says he shall not comment on the details of the matter.

 

Exercise 278. In what meaning is the verb shall used in the song?

 

WE SHALL NOT BE MOVED

American trade union song

 

We shall not be, we shall not be moved,

We shall not be, we shall not be moved.

Just like a tree, standing by the water,

We shall not be moved.

 

Terror shall not stop us, we shall not be moved.

Terror shall not stop us, we shall not be moved.

Just like a tree standing by the water,

We shall not be moved.

 

Black and white together, we shall not be moved,

Black and white together, we shall not be moved.

Just like a tree standing by the water,

We shall not be moved.

Exercise 279. Read the text. State the difference between shall and will. Correct their use.

 

Shall or Will?

Any foreigner who is learning to speak English always wonders why the meaning of ‘shall’ or ‘will’ changes with the different persons. In other words, he learns that in the Future Tense he must use ‘shall’ with the first person singular and plural, and ‘will’ with the second and third persons, but when he uses them the other way about, these same auxiliaries mean something different because they become modals.

A little anecdote about a Frenchman in England shows what may happen if one uses these auxiliaries in the wrong way.

The Frenchman falls into the river one day. “I will drown, I will drown!” he shouts when he rises to the surface. “I will drown and nobody shall save me!”

The people on the bank who hear the Frenchman’s cries for help look at each other in surprise because the words do not suit the occasion. It is clear that the man is in great danger and that is why the people on the bank can hardly believe their ears when they hear “nobody shall save me”, which means that he is forbidding them to save him, while “I will drown” expresses his firm intention to drown.

 

Exercise 280. Read the proverbs. Find the Russian equivalents.

 

An old dog will learn no new tricks.

While the cat is away, the mice will play.

 

Exercise 281. Read the jokes. State the function of the modal verbs shall, will.

 

***

Son: Tomorrow is Dad’s birthday. What shall we do for him?

Daughter: We might let him have his car for a change.

 

***

Caller: Good morning, ma’am. I’m from the gas company. I understand there is something in the house that won’t work?

Woman: Yes, he is upstairs.

Exercise 282. Make up polite requests according to the models.

 

Model 1. come in - Will you come in?

Model 2. shut the window - Shut the window, will you?

Mind that Model 2 is used rather informally.

 

join us have some coffee

fetch me a chair see the guests off

give me a book have some more salad

hold the line wait here

be quiet move aside

 

Model 1. have a break - Shall we take a break?

Model 2. get some rest - Let’s get some rest, shall we?

Mind that Model 2 is used rather informally.

 

go to the party start the presentation

check out this new shop pay ahead of time

dress casually leave the car keys with the secretary

confirm the email spend some more time here

talk about it now drop in on Joe

 

Exercise 283. Translate into English using your Active Grammar.

 

1. Передайте, пожалуйста, мне соль. 2. Она никак не хочет слушать наши уговоры. 3. Нам принести записные книжки и ручки? – Да, пожалуйста. 4. Я не буду ничего слушать! Я права – и точка. 5. Я не желаю разговаривать с вами пока вы не извинитесь. 6. Пожалуйста, выключите сотовые телефоны. 7. Я не буду печатать сертификаты, это не моя обязанность. 8. Вы больше не воспользуетесь кредитом в нашем банке! 9. Он снова скажет тетушке неправду, это же так похоже на него. 10. Я обязательно покажу вам эти экспонаты в конце экскурсии.

 

 




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