Parts of the body. Introductory text: topical vocabulary

THEME V. PARTS OF THE BODY AND ORGAN SYSTEMS

Exercise 29. Match the sentences on the left with the tenses on the right.

1. There’ll be ‘Moon cities’ in the year 3000. 2. I have practical classes every day. 3. They will have two hours of Chemistry tomorrow. 4. They have examinations in summer. 5. I saw her yesterday. 6. His house is far from the university. 7. She lives in New York. 8. I was present at the meeting of our group.

a) Present Simple b) Past Simple c) Future Simple

appendage -придаток

adulthood – зрелый возраст

average – средний

average height – средний рост

bumps – шишка, опухоль, выпуклость

cells -клетки

circulate -циркулировать

circulatory -циркулирующий

entire – полный, совершенный

eventually – в конечном счете, в конце концов

influence – оказывать влияние, влиять

integumentary -покровный

layer – слой, пласт, наслоение

pump – качать, пульсировать

sebaceous – сальный

sebaceous glands – сальные железы

size – размер, величина, объем

sternum -грудина

tendon -сухожилие

tissue -ткань

torso – туловище, торс

vary – меняться, изменять, разнообразить

ventricle – желудочек (сердца, мозга)

vertebral – позвоночный

vertebral column – позвоночный столб, спинной хребет

The human body is the entire structure of a human organism, and consists of a head, neck, torso, two arms and two legs. By the time the human reaches adulthood, the body consists of close to 100 trillion cells, the basic unit of life. These cells are organised biologically to eventually form the whole body.

Size. The average height of an adult male human (in developed countries) is about 1.7–1.8 m tall and the adult female about 1.6–1.7 m tall. This size is firstly determined by genes and secondly by diet. Body type and body composition are influenced by postnatal factors such as diet and exercises.

Systems. The organ systems of the body include the musculoskeletal system, cardiovascular system, digestive system, endocrine system, integumentary system, urinary system, lymphatic system, immune system, respiratory system, nervous system and reproductive system.

The cardiovascular system. It comprises the heart, veins, arteries and capillaries. The primary function of the heart is to circulate the blood, and through the blood, oxygen and vital minerals are transferred to the tissues and organs that comprise the body. The left side of the main organ (left ventricle and left atrium) is responsible for pumping blood to all parts of the body, while the right side (right ventricle and right atrium) pumps only to the lungs for re-oxygenation of the blood. The heart itself is divided into three layers called the endocardium, myocardium and epicardium, which vary in thickness and function.

The digestive system. It provides the body's means of processing food and transforming nutrients into energy. The digestive system consists of the buccal cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine ending in the rectum and anus. These parts together are called the alimentary canal (digestive tract).

The integumentary system. It is the largest organ system in the human body, and is responsible for protecting the body from most physical and environmental factors. The largest organ in the body is the skin. The integument also includes appendages, primarily the sweat and sebaceous glands, hair, nails and arrectores pili (tiny muscles at the root of each hair that cause goose bumps).

The lymphatic system. The main function of it is to extract, transport and metabolise lymph, the fluid found in between cells. The lymphatic system is very similar to the circulatory system in terms of both its structure and its most basic function (to carry a body fluid).

The human musculoskeletal system. It consists of the human skeleton, made by bones attached to other bones with joints, and skeletal muscle attached to the skeleton by tendons.

Bones. An adult human has approximately 206 distinct bones: Spine and vertebral column (26), Cranium (8), Face (14), Hyoid bone, sternum and ribs (26), Upper extremities (70), Lower extremities (62).

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