Human musculoskeletal system

Text A.

Exercise 9. Try to define true or false statements.

Exercise 8. Make up sentences using the suitable ending from the right-hand column. Translate into Russian.

1. The average height of an adult male human…	a.the heart, veins, arteries and capillaries.
2.The average height of an adult female human…	b.is about 1.6–1.7 m tall.
3.The cardiovascular system comprises…	c. very similar to the circulatory system.
4.The lymphatic system is…	d.is about 1.7–1.8 m tall.
5.The human body consists of…	e.by postnatal factors such as diet and exercises.
6.Body type and body composition are influenced…	f.a head, neck, torso, two arms and two legs.

1. Extremity means arm (upper extremity) or leg (lower extremity).

2. The trunk or torso is the body excluding the breast and extremities.

3. The abdomen includes chest, buttock and stomach.

4. The chest contains the organs of respiration and the heart.

5. The main parts of the respiratory system are the spleen and lungs.

6. The left lung is divided into three lobes, and the right into four.

TEXTs FOR WRITTEN TRANSLATION

A musculoskeletal system (also known as the locomotor system) is an organ system that gives animals (including humans) the ability to move using the muscular and skeletal systems. The musculoskeletal system provides form, support, stability, and movement to the body.

It is made up of the body's bones (the skeleton), muscles, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, joints, and other connective tissue that supports and binds tissues and organs together. The musculoskeletal system's primary functions include supporting the body, allowing motion, and protecting vital organs. The skeletal portion of the system serves as the main storage system for calcium and phosphorus and contains critical components of the hematopoietic system.

This system describes how bones are connected to other bones and muscle fibers via connective tissue such as tendons and ligaments. The bones provide the stability to a body in analogy to iron rods in concrete construction. Muscles keep bones in place and also play a role in movement of the bones. To allow motion, different bones are connected by joints. Cartilage prevents the bone ends from rubbing directly on to each other. Muscles contract (bunch up) to move the bone attached at the joint.

There are, however, diseases and disorders that may adversely affect the function and overall effectiveness of the system. These diseases can be difficult to diagnose due to the close relation of the musculoskeletal system to other internal systems. The musculoskeletal system refers to the system having its muscles attached to an internal skeletal system and is necessary for humans to move to a more favorable position. Complex issues and injuries involving the musculoskeletal system are usually handled by a physiatrist (specialist in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation) or an orthopaedic surgeon.

Дата добавления: 2014-11-18