Pathology

Pathology is the study of disease. It covers the changes in normal anatomy and physiology brought about by disease and the body’s reaction to it.

Any shallow breach of the skin or mucous membrane is called an ulcer. The raw base of an ulcer often has a painful bleeding surface. A cyst is an abnormal sac of fluid. Cysts are usually small and localized and can occur in soft tissues or bone anywhere in the body.

A tumor is a swelling caused by an abnormal and uncontrolled growth of body cells. It serves no useful purpose and may cause displacement or destruction of adjacent structures. Some types of tumor can spread throughout the body causing severe, and often fatal, destructive effects. This condition is commonly known as cancer.

Congenital defects are defects, which are present at birth, such as heart and valvular defects, cleft palate or other deformities.

The cause or nature of an ulcer or tumor cannot always be determined by physical or X – ray examination. Confirmation of the diagnosis often necessitates surgical removal of some diseased tissue for examination under a microscope. This minor operation is called a biopsy. The biopsy specimen is sent to a hospital pathology department.

The diagnosis of infections often requires bacteriological examination of a swab or smear from an infected surface. Other types of disease are commonly diagnosed by blood and urine tests.

NOTES

1. brought about – вызванные

2. It serves no useful purpose – Она (опухоль) не несет ничего хорошего.

3. commonly known – широко известно.

4. often necessitates – часто несет за собой.

EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1. Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:

1. Изучение заболевания

2. Реакция организма

3. Слизистая оболочка

4. Болезненная кровоточащая поверхность

5. Локализованный

6. Неконтролируемый рост клеток

7. Близлежащие структуры

8. Значительные и часто фатальные разрешающие воздействия

9. Врожденные отклонения

10. При рождении

11. Рентгенологическое исследование

12. Хирургическое удаление

13. Под микроскопом

14. Анализы крови и мочи.

EXERCISE 2. Процитируйте следующие предложения из текста:

1. Pathology

2. To cover the changes

3. Shallow breach of the skin

4. The raw base

5. An abdominal sac of fluid

6. To occur

7. A swelling

8. Displacement and destruction

9. Throughout the body

10. Cancer

11. Deformity

12. The cause of an ulcer

13. Diseased tissue

14. Minor operation

15. The biopsy specimen

16. To be diagnosed

EXERCISE 3. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. What is pathology?

2. What does it cover?

3. Is any shallow breach of the skin of mucous membrane called an ulcer or a cyst?

4. What is a cyst?

5. When can cyst occur?

6. What is a tumor?

7. What may it cause?

8. What condition is called cancer?

9. When are congenital defects already present?

10. Can the cause of an ulcer or tumor be determined by only physical examination?

11. What is called a biopsy?

12. How are other types of disease commonly diagnosed?

EXERCISE 4. Закончите предложения:

1. Pathology covers ….

2. An ulcer is ….

3. Cysts can occur ….

4. A tumor is ….

5. A cancer is a condition when ….

6. Congenital defects can be ….

7. The diagnosis of infections often requires ….

EXERCISE 5. Составьте предложения из разбросанных слов:

1. Base, the, an, of, raw, ulcer, surface, other, bleeding, a, has, painful.

2. Cause, may, tumor, structures, displacement, adjacent, or, of, destruction, a.

3. Pathology, the, specimen, department, biopsy, is to, a, sent, hospital.

4. Many, disease, types, are, of, commonly, by, diagnosed, blood, urine, and, tests.

EXERCISE 6. Переведите предложения на английский язык.

1. Патология рассматривает отклонения, проявляющиеся в нормальной физиологии и анатомии.

2. Язва часто имеет болезненную кровоточащую поверхность.

3. Кисты обычно небольшие по размеру.

4. Опухоль может вызвать смещение или разрушение прилегающих к ней структур.

5. Врожденные дефекты часто видны уже при рождении ребенка.

6. Для определения вида опухоли, как правило, используется биопсия.

7. При постановке диагноза чаще всего необходимы анализы крови и мочи

EXERCISE 7. Диалог. Составьте по 5 вопросительных предложений по тексту “Pathology”.

EXERCISE 8. Приготовьте пересказ текста “Pathology”.

Дата добавления: 2014-12-16