Abdomen

HEART

13.

DRUGS

TEXT B

Sometimes a normal immune response does not occur. Instead, a violent reaction called allergy is produced. This can cause sudden death but usually involves

consequences of varying degrees of seriousness, ranging from skin rashes or mouth ulcers to partial obstruction of the airway. Sensitivity to certain types of pollen, food, stings, latex products and drugs can produce an allergic reaction.

A much more serious type of allergy which could be happen in practice is that affecting patients sensitive to penicillin and its derivatives. If one these drugs were given to such patients, the above – mentioned reactions could occur – the worst effect of all being the rapid onset of a severe state of collapse which may be fatal. This is called anaphylactic shock. The patients most at risk of allergic responses are those with a history of asthma, eczema and hay fever.

ACTIVE VOCABULARY

Read and learn the following words:

1. drug лекарство, наркотик

2. exclusively исключительно

3. prescribe предписывать

4. volume объем

5. reference book справочник

6. available доступный

7. precaution осторожность, противопоказание

8. data sheet вкладыш – инструкция

9. administer назначать, применять, давать (лекарство)

10. externally наружно

11. anesthetic анестетик

12. abolish снимать, устранять

13. kill убивать

14. derive происходить от

15. derivatives производные

16. liable подверженный, склонный

17. beforehand заранее

18. order заказывать

The metric system is used exclusively when ordering and prescribing drugs. The metric unit of weight is the gram (g) and this is divided into thousandths called milligrams (mg).

The unit of volume is the liter (l) which is subdivided into thousandths called milliliters (ml). A liter is equivalent to just under two pints. The standard medicine teaspoon holds 5 ml.

Various reference books are available to help practitioners keep up to date with new drugs, the trade names of drugs, dosages and precautions with particular drugs. Manufacturers are also legally required to provide data sheets for all new drugs, giving full details of usage.

Drugs may be administered externally or internally.

Drugs are classified into groups which have a specific action, such as antibacterial drugs, which are used for the treatment of infections, or local anesthetics, which abolish pain. Some drugs belong to more than one group. For example, lignocaine, which is local and surface anesthetic. Let's take antibacterial drugs as an example.

They are administered internally to kill bacteria.

Antibiotics are drugs originally derived from microorganisms: for example, penicillin, tetracycline, and erythromycin. Many people are allergic to penicillin and its derivatives. If such people are given any of these drugs they are liable to develop a dangerous reaction. Patients must always be asked beforehand if they are allergic to penicillin or any other drugs.

There are strict legal requirements for the purchase, storage, use, identification, dispensing and prescription of drugs.

Many drugs are poisonous if taken accidentally or in excess; others caustic and may cause painful burns. Some common sense precautions in storing drugs are to keep them well away from food and drinks; keep poisons locked up in a special poisons cabinet; and to keep caustics on the lowest shelf where accidental spillage cannot affect the eyes or burn the face.

Stocks of drugs must be stored in accordance with manufacturers' instructions and not kept beyond their expiry date. Records of their purchase, supply and expiry date must be kept for at least 11 years. Any drugs which have passed their expiry date should be discarded, together with any solutions which have become discolored or cloudy.

Certain drugs, such as adrenaline, halothane and hydrogen peroxide must be stored in dark bottles to prevent premature

deterioration, while poisons bottles are ribbed to indicate by touch that their contents are dangerous.

NOTES

1. just under two pints – приблизительно двум пинтам

2. various reference books are available – существуют самые различные справочники

3. keep up to date with new drugs – осваивать новые препараты

4. trade names – торговые знаки (зарегистрированные фирменные названия, например, лекарств)

5. to provide data sheets – обеспечить вкладышем – инструкцией

6. which abolish pain – которые действуют обезболивающе

EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1. Найдите в тексте следующиеэквиваленты слов и словосочетания:

1. метрическая система

2. деленные на тысячные доли

3. стандартная чайная ложка содержит 5 мл

4. торговый знак

5. в соответствии с законом

6. представляя детальное предписание по употреблению

7. внутреннее или наружное применение

8. классифицироваться по группам

9. местное обезболивающее

10. получаемые из микроорганизмов

11. быть аллергенным

12. опросить заранее

EXERCISE 2. Процитируйте предложения со следующими словами и словосочетаниями:

1. exclusively

2. unit of weight

3. to be subdivided into

4. to hold

5. particular drugs

6. to be required

7. to be administered

8. a specific action

9. to belong to

10. derived from

11. a dangerous reaction

12. to be allergic to

EXERCISE 3. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What system is used when ordering and prescribing drugs?

2. What is the metric unit of weight?

3. What units of volume do you know?

4. Why are reference books useful to practitioners?

5. Who are legally required to provide full details of new drugs usage?

6. How are drugs administered?

7. What groups are drugs classified into?

8. Do drugs belong only to one group?

9. What is the aim of administering antibacterial drugs?

10.What are antibiotics originally derived from?

11. What reaction can develop if the people are allergic to some drugs?

EXERCISE 4. Вставить артикль, где это необходимо:

When drugs are administered to some patients … severe adverse reaction, such as collapse, may occur. This may be caused by … allergy

to … drug administered, e.g. penicillin, or interaction with another drug which … patient is already taking for medical reasons.

To prevent these undesirable effects … careful study of a case history must always be made before any drugs are used. If it is found that … drug allergy exists, or … patient is taking drugs prescribed by … doctor, or taking nonprescription drugs for self – medication this information must be recorded on … patient’s chart, regularly up – dated and … appropriate precautions taken.

EXERCISE 5. Вставьте предлоги там, где это необходимо:

Analgesics are drugs administered internally or externally … the relief of pain. Most pain is caused … inflammation and the most effective drugs … relief of pain are accordingly those that combine analgesic and anti – inflammatory effects. However, the anti – inflammatory drugs mentioned above are all corticosteroids, and these cannot be taken internally … the treatment. Nonsteroidal anti – inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used instead and those that have analgesic properties may be taken internally … pain.

EXERCISE 6. Переведите предложения на английский язык:

1. Для взвешивания лекарственных средств применяется исключительно метрическая система мер.

2. Различные справочники помогают врачу ориентироваться в многочисленных новых препаратах, которые поступают на рынок лекарственных средств.

3. Производители препаратов должны обязательно указывать срок годности (expiry date) лекарства.

4. Существуют различные пути классификации лекарственных препаратов.

5. Ряд лекарств можно отнести к нескольким группам одновременно.

6. Многие люди аллергенны к антибиотикам.

7. Пациента обязательно нужно спросить об аллергической реакции на препарат данной группы.

EXERCISE 7. Работа в парах. Составьте 10 вопросов по тексту “Drugs”.

EXERCISE 8. Приготовьте пересказ текста “Drugs”.

ACTIVE VOCABULARY

Read and learn the following words:

1. pump насос

2. circulate циркулировать

3. tube труба

4. carry переносить

5. artery артерия

6. vein вена

7. adult взрослый

8. pulse пульс

9. skin кожа

10. occur происходить

11. wrist запястье

12. chest грудная клетка

13. breast грудь

14. chamber камера

15. valve клапан

16. atrium предсердие

17. ventricle желудочек

18. death смерть

19. apply применять

20. pressure давление

21. squeeze сжимать

22. spine позвоночник

23. relax расслабиться

The heart is simply a pump, which circulates blood throughout the body. Tubes called blood vessels carry it from the heart to all parts of the body and back again. This round trip is known as the circulation. Vessels carrying blood away from the heart are known as arteries and those returning blood to the heart are known are known as veins.

The heart pumps blood round the body about 70 times a minute in adults. The heartbeats can be felt as the pulse where certain arteries lie just beneath the skin, and the most well – known place where this occurs is at the wrist.

The heart lies in the chest immediately behind the breast bone. It consists of two chambers, left and right, separated from each other by a wall. Each chamber is further divided into upper and lower compartments, which communicate with each by valves. Each upper compartment is called an atrium and each lower a ventricle. Note that there is no communication at all between the left and right sides of the heart.

Heart failure, or cardiac arrest, means that the heart has stopped beating. This of course, means that no blood is being pumped round the body and death occurs in a few minutes. But as the heart is just a simple pump, it can be made to beat artificially by rhythmically applying pressure to the chest. This squeezes the heart between the breast bone and forces blood out the heart into the circulation. When pressure on the chest has been relaxed, blood returns to the heart again.

NOTES

1. can be felt as the pulse – можно определить по пульсу.

2. immediately behind the breast bone – непосредственно за грудиной.

3. is further divided – далее подразделяется

4. communicate with each other – сообщаются друг с другом.

5. heart failure – паралич, остановка сердца; сердечная недостаточность.

6. as the heart is just a simple pump – поскольку сердце всего лишь простой насос.

EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1. Найдите в тексте следующие эквиваленты слов и словосочетаний:

1. Просто насос

2. Кровеносные сосуды

3. Круговое движение

4. Известны как

5. У взрослых

6. Располагаться непосредственно под кожей

7. Где это происходит

8. Состоит из двух камер

9. Каждый верхний отдел

10. Вообще нет сообщения

11. Его можно заставить биться искусственно

12. Выталкивать кровь из сердца.

EXERCISE 2. Процитируйте предложения со следующими словами и словосочетаниями:

1. Throughout the body

2. Blood vessels

3. About 70 times a minute

4. Immediately behind the breast bone

5. Separated from each other

6. Upper and lower compartments

7. Communication

8. Cardiac arrest

9. Round the body

10. To beat artificially

11. Pressure on the chest

EXERCISE 3. Поставьте предложения в вопросительную форму.

1. The heart circulates blood throughout the body.

2. The heartbeats can be felt as the pulse.

3. Each chamber is divided into upper and lower compartments.

4. The heart has stopped beating.

5. Death occurs in a few minutes.

6. Vessels returning blood to the heart are known as veins.

EXERCISE 4. Ответьте на следующие вопросы по тексту:

1. What is heart?

2. What are tubes carrying blood called?

3. Where can the heartbeats be felt?

4. Where does the heart consist of?

5. What compartments is each chamber divided into?

6. What are the compartments called?

7. What does heart failure mean?

8. Can the heart be made to beat artificially?

9. When does blood return to the heart again?

EXERCISE 5. Переведите на английский следующие предложения:

1. Сердце похоже на простой насос.

2. У взрослого человека сердце сокращается с частотой примерно 70 раз в минуту за час оно перекачивает около 300 литров крови.

3. Работа сердца очень важна. Оно непрерывно движет кровь по кровеносным сосудам.

4. Если прижать стенку артерии к кости там, где она ближе к коже, то можно ощутить пульс.

5. Сердце состоит из двух камер, разделенных перегородкой.

6. Правый и левый отделы сердца не связаны между собой.

7. Паралич означает, что сердце остановилось.

8. Когда давление на грудную ослабевает, кровь вновь возвращается в сердце.

EXERCISE 6. Составьте 10 вопросов к тексту “Heart”.

EXERCISE 7. Перескажите текст “Heart”.

ACTIVE VOCABULARY

Read and learn the following words and word combinations:

1. cavity полость

2. esophagus пищевод

3. swallow глотать

4. coiled изогнутый

5. manufacture производить

6. pancreas поджелудочная железа

7. loop петля

8. duodenum двенадцатиперстная кишка

9. rectum прямая кишка

10. remnants остатки

11. orifice отверстие

12. anus анус

13.alimentary canal пищеварительный тракт

14. liver печень

15. storehouse склад

16. distribute распределять

17. bile желчь

18. gall – bladder желчный пузырь

The abdomen is a cavity containing the main organs of digestion. It is immediately below the chest but separated from it by the diaphragm.

The stomach lies just below the diaphragm and receives all the food which has passed down the oesophagus after being swallowed. Food stays in the stomach for a few hours while the stomach enzymes begin the first stages of digestion.

After leaving the stomach, the partially digested food enters the small intestine. This is a long coiled tube about six meters long in which digestion is completed. It manufactures its own enzymes for this purpose but also receives some help from the pancreas. This gland lies in the loop of the duodenum, which is the first part of the small intestine after the stomach. The pancreas produces some enzymes which pass into the duodenum.

When the food has been completely digested in the small intestine, the indigestible residue passes into the large intestine. This is a wider tube, nearly two meters long, leading from the small intestine to the rectum. The large intestine absorbs water and minerals from waste food remnants. The rectum carries this waste to the external orifice or anus where it is eliminated from the body. The whole system of tubes through which the food passes on its way from mouth to anus is called the alimentary canal.

After digestion has been completed in the intestines, the digested food, which is now in a state the body can use, passes through the walls of the intestines into capillaries where the blood carries it to the liver.

The liver lies just below the diaphragm to the right of the stomach. It is a storehouse for digested food and distributes it to those parts of the body requiring it. It also produces a digestive juice known as bile. This is stored in the gall – bladder, which lies underneath the liver. Bile passes into the duodenum at the same point as the digestive juice from the pancreas.

The next stage of digestion occurs in the stomach, which produces a mixture of acid and enzymes called gastric juice. The acid kills germs and extracts any iron from the food – for hemoglobin formation. The enzymes initiate digestion of proteins and fat.

Food is churned up in the gastric juice for up to five hours before being released into the duodenum. That is why patients must not eat for at least four hours before receiving a general anesthetic. If such precautions were not taken, the stomach might still contain food which could be vomited during anesthesia and cause blockage of the airway. It must be remembered that the protective mechanism of swallowing, which prevents food entering the airway, may be paralyzed during general anesthesia.

NOTES

1. immediately below – непосредственно под

2. for this purpose – для этого

3. in a state the body can use – в том виде, который приемлем для организма

4. to those parts of the body requiring it – между теми органами, которым она нужна

5. at the same point as – в том же месте, что и …

EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1 Найдите в тексте эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:

1. полость, содержащая основные органы пищеварения

2. отделено от грудной клетки

3. после проглатывания

4. первый этап пищеварения

5. попадает в тонкий кишечник

6. где завершается пищеварение

7. вырабатывает свои ферменты

8. первый отдел кишечника

9. не переваренные остатки пищи

10. ведущий от кишечника к прямой кишке

11. вся система труб

12. проникать через стенку

13. она скапливается в желчном пузыре

EXERCISE 2. Процитируйте предложения из текста со следующими словами и словосочетаниями:

1. the main organs

2. below the chest

3. to lie below

4. the stomach enzymes

5. the partially digested food

6. digestion is completed

7. to manufacture

8. to receive some help

9. in the loop of the duodenum

10. to pass into

11. nearly two metres long

12. waste food remnants

13. to be eliminated from the body

14. the digested food

15. known as

16. underneath the liver

EXERCISE 3. Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What is the abdomen?

2. Where is it situated?

3. Where does the stomach lie?

4. How long does food stay in the stomach?

5. What does the partially digested food enter?

6. Where is digestion completed?

7. What does the small intestine manufacture?

8. Where does pancreas lie?

9. What does it produce?

10. What is the large intestine?

11. How long is it?

12. What does the large intestine do?

13. Can you characterize the alimentary canal?

14. What carries the digested food to the liver?

15. Where does the liver lie and what does it do?

16. How is digestive juice called?

EXERCISE 4. Задайте вопросы к следующим утверждениям:

MODEL: I have already translated the test. (your friend)

Has your friend translated it too?

1. The small intestine has manufactured its own enzymes. (pancreas)

2. The abdomen has been described in this text. (the stomach)

3. Some enzymes have passed into the duodenum. (the digestive juice)

4. The first stage of digestion has taken place in the mouth. (the second stage)

5. The blood has carried the digested food to the liver. (pancreatic juice)

EXERCISE 5. Поставьте глаголы в правильную форму. (Present Simple, Past Simple, Present Progressive and Present Perfect)

1. I (to be) a medical student. I (to have) an English class now. We (to do) just

Exercise 6 and now we (to do) exercise 7.

2. “You (to buy) the necessary food already?” “Yes, I have,”

3. “He (to come) just to the office. It’s a quarter to nine.””And he (to come) to the office yesterday?” “He (to come) at five minutes to nine yesterday.”

4. I (to translate) the next an hour ago, but my friend (not to translate) it yet.

5. He (not to go) to college yesterday. He (to be) ill.

6. “You (to be) in the library today?” “No, I (to be) there yesterday.”

EXERCISE 6. Переведите на английский язык следующие предложения:

1. Брюшная полость расположена непосредственно под грудной клеткой.

2. Желудок лежит под диафрагмой и получает пищу, которая уже прошла через пищевод.

3. В желудке пища остается несколько часов.

4. Из желудка пища попадает в тонкий кишечник, происходит ее полное переваривание.

5. Толстый кишечник имеет длину около двух метров.

6. Здесь происходит всасывание воды и минеральных веществ из не переваренных остатков пищи.

7. Вся система, которую проходит пища от полости рта до ануса, называется пищеварительным трактом.

EXERCISE 7. Работа в парах. Задайте 10 вопросов к тексту “The abdomen”.

EXERCISE 8. Перескажите текст “The abdomen”

ACTIVE VOCABULARY

Read and learn the following words and word combinations:

1. breathing дыхание

2. provide обеспечивать

3. interchange обмен

4. protective защитный

5. cage клетка

6. rib ребро

7. muscle мышца

8. diaphragm диафрагма

9. abdomen живот

10. throat горло

11. larynx глотка

12. trachea трахея

13. bronchi бронхи

14. huge огромный

15. air sac легочная альвеола

16. network сеть

17. passage проход, проходить

18. airway воздушный путь

19. surround окружать

20. simultaneously одновременно

21. replenish пополнять; снова насыщать

22. eliminate устранять

Дата добавления: 2014-12-16