Materials

Exercise 5. Translate the following sentences.

Exercise 4. Pay attention to the sentence patterns. Translate the sentences.

Exercise 3. Pay attention to the sentence patterns. Translate the following sentences.

Exercise 1. Learn the forms of the Infinitive. See grammar material.

Exercise 10. Give a short summary in a written form (10 sentences).

Exercise 11. Word control:

pitched roof; flat roof; arrange; liver; tile; valley; reject; restrict; strive; felt; entrance; because of; middle; consistent; object; slate; protection; cover; in any way; hip, conceive; impose; assimilate

Exercise 12. Reading for pleasure. See appendix. SUPERSTITIONS: 3. THE AZEMAN, 4. DOMOVOI AND DOMOVIKHA

Unit 4

Exercise 2. Define the functions of Infinitives and translate the sentences:

1) To read Dickens in the original is a real pleasure.

2) Our aim is to know the main properties of building materials.

3) I want to discuss this problem.

4) To know much you must study hard.

5) a) These are the words to remember. b) Building materials to be applied should be strong and durable.

6) He was the first to come.

7) Here is the house to live in.

1. (In order) to earn money you should work much.

2. I enter the University (in order) to be an architect. (Обстоятельство цели)

1) To construct a building you must use the modern materials.

2) In order to pitch a roof properly one needs a simple plan under neath.

3) To use bricks in construction one must fire it in a kiln.

4) To erect classical building we are given eight important authoritative principles.

1. The material to be employed should be carefully tested.

2. The material which must be employed should be carefully tested.

1) The results to be expected are important.

2) The stone to be used is very durable.

3) Where is the building to be reconstructed?

4) The problems to be discussed are connected with your developments.

1) I am glad to speak.

2) I am glad to be speaking.

3) I am glad to have spoken.

4) I am glad to have been told the news.

5) I am always glad to be told the news.

Words to be remembered:

brick – кирпич

lime mortar – известковый раствор

stucco – наружная штукатурка

state – сланец, шифер

timber – древесина

reinforced concrete – железобетон

expansion – расширение

brickwork – кирпичная кладка

pliable – гибкий, податливый

joint – шов

reinforcement – арматура

kiln – калильная печь

life – срок службы

felt – войлок, фетр

cement (n) – цемент

override (overrode, overridden) - переехать, отвергать

overriding (а) – первостепенный

remain (v) – оставаться

laminated (a) – ячеистый, слоистый

damage (n, v) – вред, повреждение, повреждать

Read and translate text 4A.

Text 4A:

The traditional materials are brick, lime mortar, stone, stucco, slate and timber. The modern materials are cement, steel, reinforced concrete, glass, aluminium, plastics, asphalt, felt and asbestos.

From a technological point of view the traditional materials have one overriding advantage to all the modern materials which is that they remain virtually inert with daily and seasonal changes in temperature. Technically speaking, the coefficient of thermal expansion on stone and brickwork in lime mortar is so minor that it is absorbed within the mass and flexibility of the wall. But the coefficient of thermal expansion on reinforced concrete and steel is considerable, and the figure for aluminium and laminated plastics is about double that of reinforced concrete. In practical terms this means that a modern structure will move with changes of temperature to such an extent that it will crack unless expansion joints are designed into the fabric at regular intervals (about 20ft centred vertically and horizontally). This expansion joint must be filled with a pliable material such as mastic in order to keep the structure weathertight. All mastics break down under ultra-violet light and will fail in ten years. In most European countries driving rain beats upon the walls horizontally and enters the structure at the weakest point: the expansion joint. This sets up corrosion to the reinforcement and other adjacent materials, out of sight, and is the chief cause of decay and ultimate collapse of modern buildings. For this reason modern structures have a very limited life. Traditional structures, on the other hand, need no expansion joints and have none of these problems. That is why they last for hundreds of years and can be repaired and reused indefinitely.

One also ought to consider the cost in terms of high consumption of fossil fuels in the production of traditional and modern materials. Stone and say only needs to be quarried. Bricks need to be fired in a kiln, but many bricks, like Flettons, are made of a shale that burns by itself through the brick. On the other hand the temperatures required for making cement, steel and large sheets of glass require a very high consumption of the earth’s resources and are seriously damaging to the environment.

Exercise 6. Answer the following questions:

1) Which materials are traditional?

2) Which materials are modern?

3) What is the advantage of the traditional materials?

4) What can you say about the coefficient of thermal expansion on some materials?

5) Do all mastics break down under ultra-violet light?

6) Will they fail in ten years?

7) Why do modern structures have a very limited life?

8) Do traditional structures need no expansion joints?

Дата добавления: 2014-12-17