IV. Give the leading sentence in each paragraph

III. Divide the text into logical parts and give a heading to each part.

II. Make up 10 questions to the text.

Glossary

adolescent – юноша, девушка, подросток affect – влияние, оказывать воздействие alleged – предполагаемый boastfulness -хвастовство broad – широкий, просторный conform – согласовывать, приспосабливать conventional – обычный, обыкновенный crime – преступление delinquency – виновность, преступность deviance – девиантность, неправильность dimension – измерение, величина disabilities – нетрудоспособность, инвалидность enact – предписывать, определять encourage – поддерживать, подстрекать exceedingly – очень, чрезвычайно grossly – некрасиво (вести себя), избыточно homicide – убийство juvenile – молодой, юный laudatory – похвальный, хвалебный nonconformity – несовпадение, несогласие, неподчинение obvious – очевидный, заметный offense – проступок, правонарушение outsider – чужой, постороннее лицо raise – хвала, восхвалять provoke – вызывать, раздражать punishment – наказание rape – насилие, изнасилование variable – непостоянный, меняющийся, переменная величина violation -нарушение

V. Speak on: 1. The concept of deviance. 2. The main causes of deviance. 3. The social control system.

VI. Read the text and treat its contents in Russian:

Biological Explanations of Deviance Human behaviour was understood - or more correctly, misunderstood — during the nineteenth century as an expression of biological instincts. Along with other patterns of human behaviour, criminality was explained on biological grounds.

Lombroso: early research In 1876, Caesare Lombroso (1835-1909), an Italian physician who worked in prisons, developed a biological theory of criminality. Lombroso described criminals as having distinctive physical characteristics — low foreheads, prominent jaws and cheekbones, protruding ears, hairiness, and unusually long arms — that resemble human beings' apelike ancestors. In other words, he viewed criminals as evolutionary throwbacks to lower forms of life.

Because of their biologically based inadequacy, Lombroso reasoned, such individuals would think and act in a primitive manner likely to run afoul of society's laws. Although toward the end of his career Lombroso acknowledged that social factors play a part in criminality, his early claim that some people are literally born criminals was widely influential in an era in which biological explanations of human behaviour were popular. Lombroso's findings were based on seriously flawed research methods. He failed to see that the physical characteristics he found in prison and linked to criminality existed in the population as a whole. Early in the twentieth century, the British psychiatrist Charles Buck-man Goring (1870—1919), who also worked in prisons, published the results of a comparison of thousands of convicts and noncriminals. There was a great deal of physical variation within both groups, but Goring's research showed there were no significant physical differences between the criminal and noncriminal categories of the kind suggested by Lombroso.

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