Start here. 3.Match the rearranged parts of the word combinations. vacuum integrated printed gargantuan electronic metal connecting miniaturized

Speaking

Listening

Scanning

Vocabulary

3. Match the rearranged parts of the word combinations.

vacuum integrated printed gargantuan electronic metal connecting miniaturized silicon flash protective binary

version memory chip digit components tubes circuit case size circuit board wafer legs (pins)

4. Check your fast reading and try to be the first to match the words below with their definitions.

Open up a television or a radio and you'll see an integrated circuit built around a printed circuit board (PCB): a bit like an electric street-map with small electronic components (such as resistors and capacitors) in place of the buildings and printed copper connections linking them together like miniature metal streets. Circuit boards are fine in small appliances like this, but if you try to use the same technique to build a complex electronic machine, such as a computer, you quickly hit a snag. Even the simplest computer needs eight electronic switches to store a single byte (character) of information. So if you want to build a computer with just enough memory to store this paragraph, you're looking at about 750 characters times 8 or about 6000 switches – for a single paragraph! If you plump for switches like they had in the ENIAC – vacuum tubes about the size of an adult thumb – you soon end up with a whopping great big, power-hungry machine that needs its own mini electricity plant to keep it running.

resistor capacitor appliance switch to hit a snag character to plump for whopping thumb

extremely large a short, thick finger of a human hand a device for turning on or off to decide in favor of something a device for accumulating electricity instrument, device to run into an unexpected problem unit of information a device to introduce resistance

5. Listen to the text and describe the words in the box, using synonyms, antonyms, definitions etc.

transistor improve fraction relay reliable tangled linking wire integrated circuit silicon gadgets connections

6. Work in pairs. Make dialogues, discuss the following issues.

What was the role of the integrated circuit invention?

What is the construction of an integrated circuit?

2. HOW ARE INTEGRATED CIRCUITS MADE?

WHO INVENTED THE INTEGRATED CIRCUIT?

1. Complete this description of how integrated circuits are made, using the correct form the verbs in the box.

involve create pack sound be start make

Inside a Chip Plant

How (1) …… we …………. something like a memory or processor chip for a computer? It all starts with a raw chemical element such as silicon, which is chemically treated or doped to make it have different electrical properties.

The process of making an integrated circuit (2) …………… off with a big single crystal of silicon, shaped like a long solid pipe, which is "salami sliced" into thin discs (about the dimensions of a compact disc) called wafers. The wafers are marked out into many identical square or rectangular areas, each of which will make up a single silicon chip (sometimes called a microchip). Thousands, millions, or billions of components are then created on each chip by doping different areas of the surface to turn them into n-type or p-type silicon. Doping is done by a variety of different processes. In one of them, known as sputtering, ions of the doping material are fired at the silicon wafer like bullets from a gun. Another process called vapor deposition (3) ……………. introducing the doping material as a gas and letting it condense so the impurity atoms (4) …………….a thin film on the surface of the silicon wafer. Molecular beam epitaxy (5) …………. a much more precise form of deposition.

Of course, making integrated circuits that (6) ………….. hundreds, millions, or billions of components onto a fingernail-sized chip of silicon is all a bit more complex and involved than it (7) ……………. Imagine the havoc even a speck of dirt could cause when you're working at the microscopic (or sometimes even the nanoscopic) scale. That's why semiconductors are made in spotless laboratory environments called clean rooms, where the air is meticulously filtered and workers have to pass in and out through airlocks wearing all kinds of protective clothing.

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