Lesson 6

Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты

Глагол to cause

Сочетания по longer, because of, due to, thanks to

Суффиксы -ness; -ance/ence; -ist; -ful; -less

Text 6A. Made in Space

Text 6B. Composite Ceramics

Text 6C. Ancient Steel-Making Secret

Text 6D. The British Museum

ПРЕДТЕКСТОВЫЕ УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

Упражнение 1. Прочитайте диалоги, обращая внимание на употребление

модальных глаголов.

А: You can do without lots of things.

B: You can't do without food or water.

A: Oh, yes, you can! You can do without food for weeks and without

water for days.

B: Well, you can't do without air or only for a very short time.

A: Can you write without a pen?

B: No, of course, I can't.

A: I must have a new dictionary.

B: Why must you? You don't need a new dictionary. You've got a

lot of dictionaries.

A: I want to see Mr. Z.

B: I am sorry. I am afraid he may not be in.

А

В

А

В

А;

В

But perhaps he may be.

No, sir. He may not be back for some time.

I can wait.

He may not be in until twelve.

I can wait until he is in.

He may be out all day.

A: May I go to the cinema?

B: No, not today, tomorrow.

A: May not I go today? Zed can't come tomorrow. May I go home

with Zed afterwards?

B: Oh, no, you mustn't do that.

A: Why, mustn't I?

B: Because you mustn't be home late.

A: Well, then, may Zed come home with me?

B: Yes, he may do that.

A: May I have the money, please.

B: Oh, very well.

Упраяшение 2. Замените модальные глаголы соответствующими эквивалентами.

1. Students must take exams in January. 2. She can speak French

well. 3. You may take this book till tomorrow. 4. We must learn new

words every week. 5.1 live not far from my work. I can go by bus or I

can walk. 6. You may come in. 7. We can take this book from the library.

8. She cannot do this work in time. 9. He must go to St. Petersburg

for a few days. 10. We can see electrical devices everywhere.

Упражнение 3. Поставьте предложения в вопросительной и отрицательной

формах.

1. We were able to read that article in the library. 2. Some students

will be permitted to take exams in December. 3. You have to

read this book. 4. We shall be able to skate in winter. 5. My friend

is to take part in the conference. 6. The students of our group had

to go to the plant last week. 7. They were allowed to continue their

research.

Упражнение 4. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод

модальных глаголов.

1. Everyone should know а foreign language. 2. To make

supercomputers, we need highly developed electronics and new

materials. 3. One should do one's work in time. 4. The students

ought to know the history of their institute. 5. The development of

new materials does not mean that old materials should lose their

significance. 6. Marie Curie needed a laboratory and equipment for

her research. 7. Every institute ought to be proud of their famous

graduates. 8. One should know that «roentgen» is a unit (единица)

of radiation.

Упражнение 5. Замените would на used to, где возможно, и переведите.

1. Не would spend hours in the Tretyakov Gallery. 2. Tsiolkovsky

believed that rockets would be used for space travel. 3. Bell and

Watson would repeat their experiments many times. 4. It became

known that a new car would be shown at the exhibition. 5. Electricity

would pass through metals, but wouldn't pass through

wood. 6. I asked my friend to help me, but he wouldn't, he said I

could do everything without his help. 7. He would work in the library

when he was getting ready for his exam.

Упражнение 6. Выберите правильный модальный глагол или его эквивалент.

МОЖНО ВЫЧИСЛИТЬ — (must, can, should) calculate; быть в состоянии

выполнить — (have to, be able to, be allowed to) carry

out; нельзя предсказать — (can't, needn't, be not able to)

predict; должны начаться в 10 — (have to, may, be to) begin at

10; следует знать — (should, may, need) know; не нужно создавать

— (may not, needn't, should not) create; необходимо использовать

— (must, be allowed, may) use; можно взять эту

книгу — (must, can, may) take this book; упорно не желать сделать

— (need, wouldn't, must) do.

Упражнение 7. Переведите предложения.

1. Он может читать и писать по-английски. 2. Она должна

сделать эту работу в конце месяца. 3. Теперь студенты могут

войти в аудиторию. 4. Она может заниматься здесь. 5. Он должен

прочитать эту статью. 6. Можно мне взять ваш учебник?

7. Я должен пойти в библиотеку и взять книги. 8. Можно мне

поехать с вами? 9. Умеет (может) этот ребенок ходить? 10. Вы

должны вернуть книгу завтра.

Упражнение 8. Переведите выделенные словосочетания.

1. It was found that proton and neutron have almost the same

weight. 2. It was necessary to lay cables across the Atlantic Ocean

as there were no radio or satellites at that time. 3. It is difficult to

imagine the world we live in without radio, telephone and televi-

sion. 4. It is possible to have a direct telephone talk with Vladivostok

with the help of satellite systems. 5. This material has properties

which make it useful for various space projects. 6. It should be

said that computers become increasingly important in our life and

work. 7. My adviser considers it necessary for me to read as much

literature as possible before starting my work. 8. It is difficult to

name all the branches of science and technology which are based

on electronics. 9. It is well-known that «watt» is a unit named after

James Watt, an inventor from Scotland. 10. It is impossible to solve

many modern complex engineering problems without the help of

computers.

Упражнение 9. Укажите, чем выражено отрицание. Переведите.

1. Popov had no support from the government to continue his

research. 2. Not long ago chemists developed new materials that

could withstand high temperatures. 3. No system of measurement

of the past is as simple as the metric system. 4. It is no longer possible

to put off the solution of ecological problems. 5. Tsarist Russia

gave no money for Tsiolkovsky's research. 6. No one is allowed to

smoke in our office. 7. There is no doubt (несомненно) that the

development of electronics is one of the greatest achievements of

mankind. 8. Haifa century is not a long period in the history of civilization.

9. Before Newton no one could explain why the planets

moved around the Sun. 10. People no longer think of radio and

television as something fantastic.

Упражнение 10. Переведите предложения с составными предлогами due

to, thanks to, because of.

1. Ships can communicate over long distances due to the radio.

2. Because of the earth's rotation there are days and nights on the

earth. 3. Thanks to the radio it is possible to transmit human voice

across the globe. 4. Due to the latest achievements in electronics it

has become possible to develop supercomputers. 5. Because of their

long life solar and atomic batteries are used to supply power to

transmitters in spacecrafts. 6. Thanks to the development of radio

telescopes radio astronomy has made great achievements. 7. Our

century can be called «Space Age» because of the development of a

new branch of science and technology — cosmonautics.

Упражнение 11. Переведите предложения, обратив внимание на слово

much перед прилагательным в сравнительной степени.

1. We don't notice the gravitational pull of a book because the

pull of the earth is much greater. 2. The speed of computer opera-

tions will be much greater in the future. 3. Graphite which withstands

much higher temperatures is one of the best materials for

reactors. 4. When a spaceship is in space, much smaller energy is

needed for its movement.

Упражнение 12. Переведите предложения и запомните значения глагола

to cause.

1. Heating causes different changes in metals. 2. A Danish scientist

discovered that electricity caused the needle to move from left

to right. 3.Vibration not only causes noise but can also break materials

and structures. 4. The space flight of Gagarin caused a sensation

throughout the world. 5. Rutherford showed that positive

charge of a nucleus was caused by protons. 6. New achievements in

mathematics caused the development of new means of computerization.

Упражнение 13. Найдите английские эквиваленты для русских словосочетаний.

В большем масштабе; пилотируемые и непилотируемые

космические аппараты; проводить эксперимент; на борту космического

корабля; преимущества состояния невесомости;

условия невесомости; материалы нового поколения; получить

полезные и ценные данные.

carry out experiments; zero gravity conditions; at a larger scale;

zero-gravity state advantages; on board a spacecraft; manned and

unmanned space vehicles; obtain useful and valuable data; new

generation materials.

СЛОВООБРАЗОВАНИЕ

Упражнение 14. A. Образуйте и переведите следующие производные слова

согласно образцу:

существительное + -ful = прилагательное

use — польза -> useful — полезный

power, skill, success;

существительное + -less = прилагательное

use — польза -> useless — бесполезный

change, noise, water, help, end;

прилагательное + -ness = абстрактное существительное

weightless — невесомый -> weightlessness — невесомость

useful, dark, hard, weak;

существительное или прилагательное + -ist = существительное

science — наука -> scientist — ученый

special, art, motor, biology.

в. Переведите существительные с суффиксами -апсе/'впсе:

resistance — сопротивление

consequence, distance, appearance, difference, absence,

presence.

Упражнение 15. Прочитайте и переведите интернациональные слова.

surprise [sa'praiz], substance ['SAbstans], magnetic

[maeg'netik], laser ['leiza], polymer ['polima], plastics ['plaestiks],

experiment [iks'perimant], orbital ['o:bitl], expert ['ekspa:t], start

[sta:t], simulate ['Simjulaleit], principle ['prinsipl], gravitational

[,graevi'teijanl], convection [kanVekJan], temperature

['te m pri^a], zero-gravity ['ziarau'g raeviti], hydromechanical

['haidraumi'kaenikal], acceleration [ak,sela'reijan], project

['procfeekt].

Упражнение 16. Прочитайте слова.

label ['leibl], material [ma'tiarial], alloys ['aeloiz], peculiar

[pi'kju:lja], numerous ['nju:maras], pave [peiv], vehicle ['vi:ikl],

inertia [i'na:Jja], process ['prauses], Archimedes [,a:ki'mi:di:z],

consequently ['konsikwantli], separate ['separeit], component

[kam'paunant], quite [kwait], gases [gaesiz], cause [ko:z],

research [ri'sa:^], biochemist [,baiau'kemist], biological

[,baiau1ogikal], special ['spejal].

СЛОВА И СЛОВОСОЧЕТАНИЯ ДЛЯ ЗАПОМИНАНИЯ

aim V — стремиться, це- launch п — запуск

лить(ся) liquid п — жидкость, а — жид-

alloy п — сплав кий

approach v — приближаться, manned р — пилотируемый, с

подходить человеком на борту

certain а — определенный movement п — движение

condition п — условие numerous а — многочислен-

create v — создавать ный

consequently adv — obtain v — получать

следовательно possess v — обладать, владеть

data n — данные thus adv — так, таким образом

density n — плотность valuable a — ценный

differ from v — отличаться от prove v — доказывать

difference n — различие, раз- substance n — вещество

ница surface n — поверхность

estimate n — оценивать vehicle n — транспортное __________сред-

except /?Ap — кроме, за исклю- ство, космический летатель-

чением ный аппарат

i.e. [that is] — то есть weight п — вес

include V — включать

Техт 6А

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