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Made in Space

This label «Made in Space» for industrial materials will probably

surprise no one in the not so distant future. They may include

superconductors, new kinds of alloys, substances with peculiar

magnetic properties, supertransparent laser glass^, polymers, plastics,

and so on. Numerous experiments carried out at the Russian

orbital space stations have paved the way^ to the development of

methods and means of industrial production of new materials of

better quality on board a spacecraft^. Experts estimate that within a

few coming years industrial production of various materials will be

started in space.

Conditions on board a space vehicle orbiting Earth greatly differ

from those on its surface. However, all of these conditions can

be simulated^ on Earth, except for one — prolonged weightlessness.

Weightlessness can be created on Earth, but only for a few

seconds. A space flight is another matter: a satellite orbiting Earth

is in a dynamic zero-gravity state, i.e., when gravity is cancelled

out^ by inertia.

What can weightlessness be used for? Many well-known processes

go on differently due to the absence of weight. The Archimedes

principle is no longer valid and, consequently, stable-state^

liquid mixtures can be obtained, the components of which would

immediately separate on Earth because of different density. In case

of melts^ of metals, glasses or semiconductors, they can be cooled

down to the solidification point even in space and then brought

back to Earth. Such materials will possess quite unusual qualities.

In space there is no gravitational convection^, i.e., movements

of gases or liquids caused by difference of temperatures. It is

well-known that various defects in semiconductors occur because

of convection. Biochemists also have to deal with the worst aspects

of convection, for example, in the production of superpure biologically

active substances. Convection makes it very difficult on

Earth.

Following the launch of the first orbital stations the specialists

started experiments aimed at proving the advantages of the

zero-gravity state for the production of certain materials. In this

country all orbital stations from Salyut 5 onwards were used for

that purpose, as well as rockets. Since 1976 over 600 technological

experiments have been carried out on board manned and unmanned

space vehicles.

The experiments proved that many of the properties of the materials

obtained under the zero-gravity condition were much better

than those produced on Earth. Besides, it has been established that

it is necessary to develop a new science — physics of the weightless

state — which forms the theoretical basis for space industry and

space materials study. This science has basically been developed.

The methods of mathematical modelling of the hydromechanical

process under the zero-gravity condition have been created with

the help of computers.

Special space vehicles will also be needed for industrial production

of new-generation materials. Research has shown that the acceleration

rate on board these vehicles must be reduced to the

minimum. It was found that space platforms in independent flight

carrying the equipment were most suitable for producing materials.

These vehicles will have to use their own propulsion systems to approach

their base orbital station after a certain period of time. The

cosmonauts on board the station can replace the specimens. Many

new and very interesting projects are planned for orbital stations.

Here is one of them. Convection does not allow to grow large protein

crystals on Earth. But it is possible to grow such crystals under

the zero-gravity condition and to study their structure. The data

obtained during the experiments can be useful for the work of laboratories

on Earth in using the methods of gene engineering^. Thus,

it may be possible to make new materials in space and also to obtain

valuable scientific data for new highly efficient technologies on

Earth.

Preparatory work for industrial production in space at a larger

scale is being carried out in Russia, the USA, Western Europe and

Japan. It should be said that according to the estimates of American

experts production of materials in space is to bring 60 billion

dollars in the future.

Notes to the Text

1. supertransparent laser glass -- сверхпрозрачное лазерное

стекло

2. to pave the way — проложить путь

3. on board (a spacecraft) — на борту (космического корабля)

4. to simulate — моделировать, имитировать

5. to cancel out — уничтожать, уравновешивать

6. stable-state — устойчивое состояние

7. in case of melts — в случае расплавов

8. gravitational convection — гравитационная конвекция

(перенос тепла под действием силы тяжести)

9. gene engineering — генная инженерия

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

Упражнение 17. Просмотрите текст 6А и ответьте на вопросы.

1. What is this text about? 2. Have you seen the label «Made in

Space» anywhere? 3. Why can't certain materials be produced on

Earth? 4. Can all the conditions on board a space vehicle be simulated

on Earth? 5. When will it be possible to start industrial production

of materials in space? What do you think about it? Can we

start such production now? 6. Why can we obtain materials of

better quality in space? 7. What equipment is needed for producing

materials in space? 8. How will this equipment operate?

Упражнение 18. Составьте утверждения, выбрав правильный вариант согласно

тексту 6А.

1. Many well-known processes go on differently in space due to

a) different density.

b) the presence of weight.

c) the absence of weight.

2. The components of stable-state liquid mixtures would separate

on Earth because of

a) high temperature.

b) different density.

c) different conditions.

3. It is well-known that various defects in semiconductors occur

because of

a) weightlessness.

b) solidification.

c) convection.

Упражвение 19. Найдите в тексте 6А модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.

Замените эквиваленты соответствующими модальными глаголами.

Упражнение 20. Выберите соответствующий модальный глагол.

1. Do you live far? (Can, must) we meet here at 7 o'clock? —

We certainly (may, can). — Г11 see you later this evening, then.

2. Bill, would you help me? Sure, I'd be glad to help you. What

(may, can) I do for you? 3. (Can, may) I take your pen? I've broken

mine. 4. Do you know when Bob comes back from the University?

I am afraid he (can, may) be very late. He has an examination tomorrow.

He (can, must) study for the examination. 5. Do you

have a stamp (марка)? — No, I'm afraid I don't. You (may, must)

go to the post office for this. 6. I'm very much interested in environment

problems. I think we (must, may) learn to live in harmony

with nature.

Упражнение 21. Укажите предложения с модальными глаголами, выражающими

необходимость совершения действия. Переведите.

1. As telegraph wires couldn't be hung over the ocean, cables

had to be laid on the floor of the Atlantic Ocean. 2. In the next few

years engineers are to develop computers of more than 2 billion

operations a second. 3. A new kind of telephone may be called a

video-phone. 4. One must know that we shall need a lot of specialists

that will be able to work and live in space for a long time. 5. To

see distant objects clearly, one should change the focus. 6. Within a

few coming years a quantity production of various materials is to

begin in space. 7. Some liquid mixture components would immediately

separate on Earth because of different density. 8. It should be

said that special space vehicles are necessary for industrial production

of space materials. 9. Our group will be allowed to use new laboratory

equipment next term. 10. One can see that there is no

principal difference between iron and copper as conductors.

Упражнение 22. Найдите предложения с эквивалентами модальных глаголов

to have to, to be to,

A. 1. Television has a great number of uses nowadays. 2. Morse

discovered that telegraph messages did not have to be written, they

could be sent as a sound. 3. That part of this country has become a

highly industrial one. 4. Why couldn't you do it yesterday? — Because

I had to go home earlier than usual. 5. This important problem

had been solved by the end of 1980. 6. In the past messages to

and from Europe had to be sent by ship. 7. Some materials with

useful qualities will have to be produced in space. 8. A historian has

to study a lot of various facts to be able to reconstruct the far past.

B. 1. Such metals as iron, cobalt, nickel and some alloys are

much more magnetic than any other substances. 2. In the next few

years Russian engineers are to complete the work on supercomputers.

3. The main aim of this article is to explain methods and

means of space industrialization. 4. We are living in an electronic

world. 5. A number of TV stations are to be linked up into a network.

6. Experiments for industrial production of materials in

space are being carried out in many countries. 7. Weightlessness is

created on Earth, but only for a few seconds. 8. The quality of these

metal parts is to be very high. 9. It was found that the acceleration

rate on board such vehicles was to be reduced to a minimum.

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ

Упражнение _______23. Определите, к каким частям речи относятся слова, и переведите

их.

requirement, constituent, scientific, distance, agronomist, ancient,

density, differ, hardness, structural, various, magnificent,

presence, property, culture, conductor, presentation, probably.

Упражнение 24. Напишите глаголы, соответствующие словам.

surprisingly, difference, equipment, mixture, coming, estimation,

weightlessness, production, separately, development, movement,

disappearance, functional.

Упражнение 25. Образуйте прилагательные от существительных.

magnet, industry, absence, speciality, weight, probability, orbit,

dynamics, preparation, supertransparency, independence, gravitation,

8ирефиг11у, difficulty, variety.

Упражнение 26. Переведите слова, учитывая значение префикса super-.

supercritical, superactive, supercooled, superalloy, superhard,

superplastic.

Упражнение 27. Дайте для следующих слов:

а) синонимы

to Start, movement, nowadays, quality, research, various, a

means, manufacture, possess, to occur, consequently, numerous,

spacecraft, to use, to substitute, certain;

б) антонимы

distant, to stop, few, to reduce, invaluable, unusual, dependence,

minimum.

Упражнение 28. Выберите английский эквивалент русского предложения

из предлагаемых вариантов.

1. Он должен идти домой.

Не may go home. Не must go home. He had to go home.

2. OH должен идти домой в 5 часов.

Не must go home at 5 o'clock. He is to go home at 5 o'clock.

He may go home at 5 o'clock.

3. OH может идти домой в 5 часов.

Не may go home at 5. Не can go home at 5. He must go home

at 5.

4. OH должен будет идти домой раньше.

Не must go home earlier. He should go home earlier. He will

have to go home earlier.

5. Ему следует идти домой.

Не should go home. He may go home. He had to go home.

6. OH может очень быстро ходить.

Не can walk very quickly. He will be able to walk very quickly.

He could walk very quickly.

7. Ему разрешат идти домой после трех.

Не is permitted to go home after 3. He was permitted to go

home after 3. He will be permitted to go home after 3.

8. Ему не нужно идти домой сразу.

Не is not allowed to go home at once. He could not go home at

once. He needn't go home at once.

Упражнение 29. Заполните пропуски словами because или because of.

1. She must go by bus every morning... she lives far from the

institute. 2. The students cannot translate this text... it is difficult.

3. The planes could not leave the aiфort... the bad weather. 4. Our

life has become easier... the electricity. 5. Critics would say that

the young people were too passive... they watched TV so much.

Упражнение 30. Дайте недостающие формы глаголов, запомните их.

lost, risen, pay, leading, struck, sat.

Упражнение 31. Переведите без словаря.

The first step in any industrialization project, for example, on

the Moon should be preparation for plant construction. It is economically

desirable to use local materials for this. It is well-known

that metals form the most important group of engineering materials.

One must know that they possess necessary mechanical and

physical properties. They can be easily fabricated into various

forms by a variety of techniques. They are hard, tough (пластичный),

strong and temperature-resistant, a combination of properties

not available in any other materials. The properties of metals

can be changed by. heat treatment so that the fabrication is much

easier since the work pieces can have properties quite different

from those needed in the final product.

CONVERSATION

Exercise 1. Answer the questions.

1. What condition on board a space vehicle can't be simulated

on Earth? (prolonged weightlessness). 2. What eliminates gravity

during a space flight? (inertia). 3. What can be the industrial use of

weightlessness? (the production of new materials with unusual

properties). 4. What industrial materials can be produced in space?

(superconductors, new kinds of alloys, magnetic materials, laser

glass, polymers, plastics, etc). 5. What is Russia's contribution to

the development of methods and means of industrial material production

in space? (over 600 technological experiments carried out

at the Russian orbital space stations). 6. What are the results of

these experiments? (much better properties of the materials obtained

under the zero-gravity condition than those produced on

Earth). 7. What is needed for industrial material production in

space? (special space platforms).

Exercise 2. Make a sentence out of the two parts,

1. Experts estimate that within 1. for industrial production of

a few coming years new-generation materials at a

larger scale is being carried out in

Russia, the USA, Europe and Japan.

2. Numerous experiments on 2. very difficult on Earth,

board

3. They may include 3. i.e. movement of gases or liquids

because of difference of temperatures.

4. In space there is no gravita- 4. to grow large crystals and to

tional convection study their structure.

5. Convection makes the pro- 5. super and semiconductors,

duction of some materials metals, glasses, supeфure biologically

active substances, etc.

6. But in zero-gravity condi- 6. the industrial production of

tions it is possible various materials is to begin in

space.

7. It should be said that research 7. the Russian manned and unand

preparatory work manned space vehicles and space

stations proved the advantages of

the zero-gravity state for the production

of some materials.

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