Race for the first place

Or fit the parts of, take (send to), every year, the same, a person who takes part in a

Very great, large number (quantity), at a very high level (suddenly), put together

А new idea or product, reduce, basis. Joining, position, for each car, whole (complete),

Mass Production

Car manufacturer Henry Ford laid the foundation for the revolutionary

change in the entire motor vehicle industry.

The key for mass production was not the moving assembly line.

It was the complete interchangeability of parts and the simplicity of

attaching them to each other. These were the innovations that

made the assembly line possible. Taken together, they gave Ford

tremendous advantage over his competitors.

Ford's first efforts to assemble his cars, beginning in 1903, were

to set up assembly stands on which a whole car was built. Each assembler

performed many jobs on one car and had to get the necessary

parts for it.

The first step Ford took to make this process more efficient

was to deliver the parts to each work station. Now each assembler

remained in the same place all day. Later in 1908 Ford decided that

each assembler would perform only one task and move around the

factory from car to car. In 1913 cars were placed on a moving assembly

line. Each assembler performed one task only and remained

stationary. This innovation cut cycle time from 2.3 minutes to 1.19

minutes, thus dramatically improving productivity.

Ford's discovery simultaneously reduced the amount of human

effort needed to assemble an automobile. What is more, the more

vehicles Ford produced, the more the cost per vehicle fell. In the

early 1920s Ford produced 2 million identical vehicles a year.

Ford's mass production was adopted in almost every industrial

activity in America and Europe.

B. Заполните пропуски, образуя составные слова, общеизвестные словосочетания

или термины:

... time the cost...

vehicle...... production

assembly...... manufacturer

... effort... industry

Упражнение 3. Прочитайте текст и постарайтесь понять значения выделенных

слов.

There was а bad accident on one of the main motorways to

Paris this afternoon. A big tourist coach broke down on the inside

lane of the motorway, and the driver could not move it. It was

about 5.30 in the afternoon, the middle of the rush hour, so it soon

created a terrible traffic jam. A driver in a BMW doing about

60 mph tried to go round the coach. Unfortunately, another car

was coming in the opposite direction. The driver braked hard and

tried to stop, but he could not avoid the accident. The BMW

crashed into the front of his car. The driver of the BMW died, the

other driver was badly injured, and both cars were badly damaged.

Упражнение 4. Выберите из двух выделенных слов или словосочетаний

правильное.

1. While turning а corner at high speed my car hit/crashed a

lamp post.

2. The only means of arrival/access to the station is through a

dark subway.

3. We managed to complete our journey ahead of/in front of

schedule.

4. The police accused the driver of breaking the speed limit/restriction.

5. Sixty extra policemen were to direct/control the traffic outside

the stadium.

6. When her car broke down, she had to catch/take a taxi.

7. There are road works in center streets and long delays/intervals

are expected.

8. This car is an automatic, so you do not have to adjust/change

gear all the time.

9. Only a mechanic could realize/understand the true

amount/extent of the damage to the car.

10. Travellers who wish to visit the old city should travel in the

two front buses/coaches.

11. The driver told his passengers to fasten/fix their safety belts.

12. You mustn't ride/drive a motorbike without a helmet.

13. The two buses collided (столкнуться), but luckily none was

injured/wounded.

Упражнение 5. A. Прочитайте текст и постарайтесь понять значения слов

tube, poor и run.

Many of the world's major cities were built long before the car

appeared and people realized the need to built efficient road systems.

Current traffic management problems may be connected with

old city planning.

The thing that saves some of these cities is an effective public

transport system, usually below ground. London has an old but effective

underground train system known as a tube, and a comprehensive

bus and train system above the ground. Hong Kong has

cheap, swift and effective public transport in the form of Mass

Transit Railway, buses and ferries.

But there are newly built cities, such as, for example, Dallas,

Baltimore and Los Angeles in America. Dallas is a wealthy city in

Texas, which has grown up in an era when cars were considered to

be essential to move about. It has an excellent road system, as does

Baltimore, another new city with wise city leaders who insisted on

building good roads. However, the public transport system in both

Baltimore and Dallas is extremely poor. As a result, travel in these

cities is easy except for peak hour, when a twenty minute run can

take more than an hour in traffic jams. Los Angeles suffers from

chronic highway blockages, despite efforts to encourage people to

use public transport.

Cities with good road systems can use other methods to reduce

the number of vehicles travelling together at peak hour. Flexible

time is one good method: offices open and close at different times

so people are travelling to and from work at different times. Vehicles

carrying more than one person can use special priority lanes,

which means they can travel more quickly. There are even systems

to make peak hours car use more expensive, with electronic chips

recording the presence of a vehicle in a given high traffic area at a

given time.

B. Выберите соответствующие тексту A значения слов ferries, poor.

spacecrafts, airplanes, boats, space vehicles;

needing help, small in quantity, low in quality.

C. Найдите в тексте A слова, означающие:

1. demand 5. easily changed for new needs or conditions

2. rich 6. full, including many kinds of

3. journey in a car 7. having experience, knowledge

4. fast 8. main public road

D. Вставьте антонимы выделенных слов.

1. Public transport in Hong Kong is cheap, but in London it is...

2. Paris has the Metro railway below ground and a large bus

system...

3. People should... and finish work at different time to reduce

peak hour traffic jams.

4. City administration try to encourage people to use... transport,

not private cars in the city center.

5. An electronic device can record the absence or... of any person

at the office.

6. The public transport available in Baltimore is very poor,

while in Sidney it is...

E. Найдите в тексте A независимый причастный оборот. Переведите.

Упражнение 6. Заполните пропуски следующими словами:

reduce transportation advantage car per traffic public transport

source study average routes increase symbol atmosphere number

motor vehicle reduction solve

The private (1)... has dramatically improved the comfort, speed

and individual freedom of movement. The automobile has become

a status (2)... The car brought people much closer to places of

work, (3)... and entertainment.

However, the use of private cars can also be a (4)... of many

most serious problems today. The car is a disadvantage as well as an

(5)... It pollutes the (6)..., may be involved in dangerous accidents,

and by its very numbers blocks roads and chokes (душить)

cities. In New York City, 2.5 million cars move in and out of the

city each day. In this (7)..., the average speed is sometimes 8.1

miles (8)... hour. This speed could easily be reached by riding a

horse instead of driving a (9)... But New Yorkers continue to drive,

just as people in London where the (10)... speed in certain particularly

overcrowded (11)... is only 2 miles per hour. Most people believe

that the car is a necessary part of life in today's world. Car

owners usually do not consider other methods of public (12)...

such as bus, train or bicycle.

The only way to (13)... these problems is to reduce the use of

private cars. How can we do it? We may (14)... access to parking

spaces in the cities and simultaneously (15)... the quality and availability

of public transport. Cars could not be permitted in certain

parts of the city, thus making people walk and use (16)... The cost

of buying and running a car can be increased with a corresponding

(17)... in the price of public transport. The reduced (18)... of cars

on the roads means less pollution.

Упражнение 7. Назовите прилагательные с окончанием -able/'ible, означающие:

that can be moved that can be used or obtained

that can be reached that can provide comfort

that can be managed that may be permitted

that can be solved that can be changed for new needs

Упражнение 8

Verb

compete

assemble

found

. Заполните таблицу

Noun

action

manufacture

drive

на словообразование.

Person

transporter

,.,

—

Adjective

productive

—

—

—

—

reducible

indicative

Упражнение 9. A. Назовите 15-20 ключевых слов и словосочетаний на

тему «Road transport».

В. Speak about:

1. The current public transport problems in your city or town,

its safety, speed and comfort.

2. The role and importance of a private car in your own life.

3. The changes in technology (manual assembly — mass assembly

lines — robotics — computerized production).

4. Offer your own ideas on traffic management improvement in

your area.

Дата добавления: 2014-12-27