Под одним заглавием. Переведите текст

Рассмотренные в каждом абзаце. Скажите, какие абзацы можно объединить

А New Era for Aircraft

Aviation experts expect that today's aircraft will begin to be replaced

with some new form of supersonic transport in a few years'

time. A 21st century hypersonic aircraft may open a new age of aircraft

design.

The designers of this country displayed the project of such a supersonic

passenger liner among the prospective models at one of

the latest Aerospace Salon held on the old Le Bourget airfield^ in

Paris. An elongated fuselage with a sharp nose and without a horizontal

stabilizer makes it look more like a rocket. The speed

matches the looks^. This plane will fly at a speed five to six times

above the speed of sound, e.g., it will cover the distance between

Tokyo and Moscow in less than two hours. The diameter of the fuselage

will be 4 meters and the overall length 100 meters, with the

cabin accomodating 300 passengers. The future supeфlanes of such

a class will have no windows, but the passengers can enjoy^ watching

the panorama of the Earth on the TV monitor at the front of the

cabin. They will fly so fast that ordinary aircraft windows would

make the structure too weak to withstand the stresses at such a

speed. At high velocities the air resistance in the lower atmosphere

is so great that the skin is heated to very high temperature. The only

way out is to fly higher. Therefore, airliners' routes will mainly lie

in the stratosphere.

In general, to build a reliable hypersonic plane one has to overcome

a whole set of technological and scientific difficulties. Apart

from creating highly economical combined engines and heatinsulating

materials^, designers have to make such an amount of

thermodynamic computations that can't be performed without

using supercomputers. One of the ways to make planes as economical

as possible is lightening the aircraft by substituting new composite

materials for conventional metal alloys. Accounting for^ less

than 5 per cent of the overall aircraft weight now, the percentage of

composite material parts will exceed 25 per cent in new generation

models. An extensive use of new materials combined with better

aerodynamics and engines will allow increasing fuel efficiency by

one-third^.

Because of the extreme temperatures generated by the atmosphere

friction, a hypersonic craft will also require complicated

cooling measures. One possibility is using cryogenic fuels, such as

liquid hydrogen, as both coolants^ and propellants. The fuel flowing

through the aircraft's skin would cool the surfaces as it vaporizes

before being injected into combustion chamber.

In addition, specialists in many countries are currently working

on new propeller engines considered much more economical and

less noisy than jets. The only disadvantage is that propeller planes

fly slower than jet planes. However, it has recently been announced

that specialists succeeded in^ solving this problem. As a result a

ventilator engine with a propeller often fibre-glass blades has been

built, each being five meters long. It will be mounted in the experimental

passenger plane.

Notes to the Text

1. Le Bourget airfield -- аэропорт Jle Бурже

2. the looks — внешний вид

3. can enjoy — с удовольствием (здесь)

4. heat-insulating materials — теплоизолирующие материалы

5. accounting for — составляя

6. by one-third — на одну треть

7. coolant — охлаждающая жидкость

8. succeeded in — удалось

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ

Упражнение 10. Просмотрите текст 8А и ответьте на вопросы.

1. What is this text about? 2. What aircraft was displayed in

Paris? 3. What are the characteristics of the new liner? 4. What are

the difficulties in building a hypersonic plane?

Упражнение 11. Укажите, какие утверждения соответствуют содержанию

текста 8А. Исправьте неправильные утверждения.

1. Today's aircraft will be replaced with a new form of supersonic

transport in a few years' time. 2. The new hypersonic aircraft

that looks like a rocket will cover the distance between Tokyo and

Moscow in less than two hours. 3. The future superliner of this

class will have large windows that will allow passengers to watch

the panorama of the Earth. 4. Airliner's routes will mainly lie in the

stratosphere because the air resistance in the lower atmosphere is

too great. 5. Designers can easily make all the necessary thermodynamic

calculations to build a reliable hypersonic plane. 6. It is possible

to lighten the aircraft by substituting conventional metal

alloys for new composite materials. 7. Cryogenic fuels are used as

both coolants and propellants. 8. The great advantage of propeller

planes is that they fly faster than jet planes.

Упражнение 12. Найдите в тексте 8А герундий (см. 3, 4 и 5-й абзацы).

Упражнение 13. Найдите герундий в функции обстоятельства, переведите

предложения.

1. Flying from Los Angeles to Tokyo on board a new supersonic

craft will take two hours. 2. On examining the car before starting on

a long journey a driver can be sure that he will get to his destination

without accidents. 3. By summing up the information about the

speed and distance of various objects on the road, the computer de-

tects all possible dangers. 4. A superliner of a new kind will be capable

of flying at five times above the speed of the sound. 5. The only

way of overcoming the great air resistance at high velocities is flying

higher. 6. At low speeds the engine can use turbines for compressing

the air before mixing it with fuel in the combustion

chamber. 7. In the future, in switching over to the new Earth satellite

a driver can be sure of coming safely to his destination. 8. Cryogenic

fuels will vaporize before being injected into combustion

chamber. 9. In flowing over the aircraft's surface the fuel cools its

skin. 10. On reaching its cruising speed the supersonic liner will fly

at 100,000 feet above the Earth. 11. By using supercomputers it is

possible to avoid making mistakes in extremely complicated thermodynamic

computations. 12. A new carburetor offers easier starting

in cold weather. 13. By using the automatic guidance system a

driver will be able to make long journeys without concentrating on

the road conditions. 14. It is impossible to solve economic problems

without using the achievements of the scientific and technological

progress.

Упражнение 14. Найдите герундий в парах предложений, переведите их.

1. Overcoming these difficulties is not so easy as it may seem.

Overcoming these difficulties the designers can increase the fuel efficiency.

2. Setting a problem the scientist makes the first step to its

solution. Setting a problem is the first step to its solution. 3. Covering

the distance between Tokyo and Moscow in less than two hours

this superliner develops a speed five times above the speed of

sound. Covering the distance between Tokyo and Moscow on

board a superliner requires about two hours. 4. Putting the discovery

into practice the engineers will solve a complicated technological

task. Putting the discovery into practice sometimes requires

more effort than making it.

УПРАЖНЕНИЯ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОЙ РАБОТЫ

Упражнение 15. Образуйте прилагательные от глаголов или существительных

по образцу:

move — двинуть, двигаться -» movable — подвижный

comfort, change, compare, control, program, measure.

Упражнение 16. Определите, к какой части речи относятся слова.

reliable, elongate, percentage, stabilizer, stabilize, prospective,

carrier, brilliant, relativity, intelligent, intelligence, assistance, fu-

selage, mainly, encircle, departure, statement, hypersonic, liner,

horizontal, powerful.

Упражнение 17. Найдите русскому слову соответствующее английское.

конструктор — design, designer, to design

стабилизировать — stabilizer, stability, stabilize

самый последний — latest, late, later

эффективный — efficient, efficiency, efficiently

характеристика, работа — perform, performing, performance

надежно — reliable, reliability, reliably

немыслимый — thinking, thinkable, unthinkable

невесомость — weightlessness, weightless, weight

Упражнение 18. Определите, синонимами или антонимами являются

приведенные пары слов.

advantage — disadvantage; to remain — to stay; reliable — unreliable;

fast — slow; apart from — besides, in addition; capable —

incapable; to begin — to start; liquid — solid; to cool ~ to heat;

possible — impossible; weak -- strong; to build — to break; aircraft

— plane; engine — motor.

Упражнение 19. Переведите выделенные слова и словосочетания, запомните

их.

1. At higher schools specialization generally begins in the

third year. 2. Nowadays we generally have computers at every

plant. 3. This doesn't improve the speed of transport vehicles in

general and that of an automobile in particular. 4. The general

principles of the design of new transport machines in general and

diesel locomotives in particular can be found in the new magazine.

5. The fifth-generation computers performing 100 billion operations

a second will become available in the near future. 6. Because

of the extreme temperatures generated by atmospheric friction a

craft will require protection. 7.The generation of electric power increases

every year.

Упражнение 20. Определите, какой частью речи является в предложении

выделенное слово. Переведите.

1. Television has а great number of uses nowadays. 2. This car

uses a new sensor mechanism. 3. A. Bell wanted to build a mechanism

that people could use to talk to one another over long distances.

4. The new material can be applied in manufacturing

components much smaller than those in use today. 5. The Library

of Congress serves not only Members of the Congress, but re-

searchers and scientists who use it. 6. In Russian universities there

is no charge for the use of reading rooms, laboratories and libraries.

7. Measures to keep Moscow's air clean are important components

of our ecological programme. 8. A thermometer is a device that

measures temperature. 9. Computers can do many things, they can

control machines in factories, cars on roads, play chess and so on.

10. Computers control nearly everything we do in the modern

world. 11. Today dirigibles are equipped with electronic controls.

Упражнение 21. Выберите правильный глагол из приведенных в скобках.

1. The car has... (brought, brought about) mobility to millions

of people, but at the same time polluted the atmosphere. 2. The

scientific and technological achievements... (brought, brought

about) great changes in people's life and work. 3. A lot of people

came to... (look at, look for) a new invention, the television set, at

the World Fair in New York. 4. It was necessary... (to look at, to

look for) a more reliable method of calculation. 5. The airplane

«Ruslan» can... (carry, carry out) up to 150 tons. 6. Research is being

... (carried, carried out) for developing new composite materials

to lighten aircraft structure.

Упражнение 22. Заполните пропуски предлогами by, with, for, at, in.

The steam was invented... James Watt, who worked... many

years before he could make the instruments... which he perfected

his machine.... first he worked... primitive tools so he could not

make his engine well-regulated. The old machine was kept going...

a boy who stood by it and let... the air... means of which the steam

was condensed at every revolution.... this machine, though it was

imperfect, some work was done and it had been used... a large

mine-owner (шахтовладелец) to pump out the water. The first efficient

steam-engine was made... a Birmingham firm and it was

soon used...nearly every manufacturer. The revolution in industry

made... this machine was extremely great.

Упражнение 23. Дайте недостающие формы глаголов, запомните их.

held, flown, overcome, withstanding, lain, flow, burnt.

Упражнение 24. Прочитайте и переведите без словаря.

«Even the birds aren't flying today» is an old saying used to indicate

that the weather for flying is extremely bad. And for man

nothing has a greater effect on flying than the weather. And because

of its changing so quickly and without warning an extensive

network of weather stations has been set up for helping the pilots

get all the information about weather. Before flying pilots may get

current weather information on changing conditions along their

route or at their destination. The weather reporting system helps

overcoming many difficulties in flying. In winter, e.g., icing can

cause the reduction of lift efficiency of airplane by changing the

flow of air. Pilot's being informed about the weather allows him to

avoid weather problems. The weather being too bad, pilots just stay

on the ground like any wise (опытный) bird.

CONVERSATION

Exercise 1. Answer the questions.

1. What kind of aircraft may begin a new age in aviation? (a hypersonic

passenger liner) 2. What is the shape of the new liner? (an

elongated fuselage with a sharp nose) 3. What distance can the new

liner cover in less than two hours? (the distance between Tokyo and

Moscow) 4. What are the main problems of building a reliable hypersonic

liner? (developing an economical engine and new heat insulating

materials combined with better aerodynamics) 5. What is

one of the ways to make a hypersonic liner as economical as possible?

(using new composite materials) 6. What will be used for cooling

a hypersonic craft? (cryogenic fuels) 7. What combined engine

was developed? (a ventilator propeller engine)

Exercise 2. Make a sentence out of the two parts.

1. It is expected that a new hy- 1. will be 4 meters, overall length

personic aircraft 100 meters and its cabin will

carry 300 passengers.

2. The project of such an aircraft 2. a speed five to six times above

was displayed at the speed of sound.

3. There is no horizontal stabilizer 3. like a rocket.

4. Therefore it looks more 4. since conventional aircraft

windows are too weak to withstand

high stresses at supersonic

speed.

5. The superliner will mainly fly 5. the Aerospace Salon in Paris,

in the stratosphere at

6. The diameter of the fuselage 6. will replace todays' aircrafts

soon.

7. The passenger superliners of 7. in the design of a new supersuch

a class will have no windows liner.

Exersice 3. Read and learn.

Departure

Ann: Well, good-bye, then! I hope you will have a pleasant journey.

Bob: I hope so too. The weather isn't too bad, anyway.

A.: No, it looks good. Just write me a few Unes when you arrive,

will you?

I will, indeed. And many thanks for your hospitality.

It was nice having you with us. When will you come again?

It is hard to say. It depends on a number of things.

Give my love to your mother.

I will. Thanks. Bye.

B.

A.

B.

A.

B.

Bob: I think, the people of today are the most intelligent (умный)

people who have ever lived.

Mary: Before answering this question I want you to listen to the following

words: «Flying machines are possible. A man may sit in

the middle of the machine and turn some device. This device

makes the artificial wings beat the air in the manner of a flying

bird.»

В.: Why have you said this? There is nothing new or interesting.

M.: But they were written six hundred years ago.

В.: Oh, really, who made this statement?

M.: Roger Bacon, an English scientist. Of course, his sentences

have been made easier, but these were his words and thoughts.

Have you heard about him?

В.: Certainly, I have heard about him. But I have thought he was

a monk (монах) and was in prison for many years.

M.: You are quite right. Besides, he made a deep study of physics.

And this was the reason (причина) for his being in prison. He

made men think about new things.

В.: Oh, Mary, Fve always said you are the most clever (умный)

girl I've ever met. Do you agree with me, Peter?

Peter: Oh, sure. And I remember Bakon's statement about cars that

can go very rapidly by their own power and great ships on

rivers and oceans guided by one man.

Exercise 4. Speak about:

1. The characteristics of a new hypersonic passenger liner.

2. The main difficulties of its construction.

Use exercises 1, 2 and the following words and word combinations for your topic:

The text gives the information on... It is interesting to note that... Speaking

about... Further description of... is given. It is pointed out that... As far as I know...

In conclusion rd like to say that...

aviation designers, to display, to cover the distance, overall, to heat to a very

high temperature, new generation aircraft, to overcome difficulties in, a great

amount of, without using, extensive use of new materials, exceed, to solve a problem.

Exercise 5. Comment on the following statement.

Air transport has many advantages and many disadvantages.

One point of view: It is fast, comfortable, safe, it is particularly good and efficient

for long distances, it is independent of roads, it is good for the health because

it is not tiring (утомительно), it is the most modem means of transport and it is the

best way of travelling.

A contrary point of view: It is not safe, it is not reliable, it depends on the

weather, it is not always good for the health, it always takes a long time to get from

and to the airport, it is expensive, it is always connected with nervous strain

(напряжение, стресс)

Exercise 6. Read and smile.

A teacher was explaining fractions to the class of girls and boys.

After having written several examples on the blackboard, he asked a

boy whether he would prefer (предпочитать) one-fifth or oneeighth

of a lemon.

«Vd prefer one-eighth, sir.»

Then the teacher began explaining again that though the fraction

one-eighth looked larger than the fraction one-fifth, it was really

the smaller of the two.

«I know that, sir. I don't like lemons.»

Einstein for a Day

Albert Einstein, one of the world's most brilliant and respected

scientists, is best known for formulating the theory of relativity

which played a critical part in the development of atomic energy.

What may not be widely known is that Einstein had a fine sense of

humor.

There is an amusing story about Einstein's visiting universities

in a car driven by a chauffeur, giving lectures on relativity. One day

the chauffeur said: «Mr. Einstein, I've heard you give this lecture

about 30 times. I know it by heart, and I am sure I could give it myself.

» «Well, I'll give you a chance», said Einstein. «They won't recognise

me at the school. When we get there, I'll put on your cap

and you introduce yourself as me and give the lecture.»

The chauffeur gave Einstein's lecture without making a single

mistake. On finishing, he started to leave, but one of the professors

stopped him to ask a complex question. The chauffeur thought fast.

«That problem is so trivial», he said, «I'm surprised that you have

to ask me. In fact, to show you how simple it is, I'm going to ask

my chauffeur to come up here and answer your question.»

Text 8B

Прочитайте текст. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

Почему вернулись вновь к использованию дирижабля?

Чем отличаются современные дирижабли от первых конструкций?

Каково их практическое применение?

Какие сведения из текста вам знакомы?

Что нового вы узнали, прочитав этот текст?

The Return of the Dirigibles

When it comes to technology, people are not inclined to return

to the past. Yet, some exceptions do exist. Such is the attitude at

present towards dirigibles. Having abandoned the skies more than

40 years ago, they have suddenly begun to reappear. Designers

have once again sat down to design this kind of transportation.

Their use can still be limited, but there is no doubt that dirigibles

are coming back.

Why is dirigible attractive? What do you do with it? As its cruising

speed is about 60 miles per hour, it is too slow to be used as a

passenger carrier. But it is cheaper to operate than a helicopter,

comfortable and capable of flying for several days. The craft's large

size and staying power (dirigibles have remained in skies for as long

as a week) make it ideally suited for exploration.

Their use in countries that have large territories and are rich in

forests and are planning to explore and exploit new regions is most

promising. They may be used to make a geological survey and to

make maps, to look for off-shore oil and minerals, to take tourists

to roadless, but beautiful places, to deliver heavy loads to remote

regions and bring the products back. They have a potential use as a

flying platform. In general, their possibilities are endless. They do

not need expensive runways required by cargo planes.

Besides, the technological possibilities of manufacturing these

crafts have changed. In 1920 and 1930s the dirigibles were manned

by a big crew. Today being equipped with electronic control they

can be operated by three pilots.

The modern dirigibles have one more important advantage over

older models — that of complete safety in flight, for, instead of hydrogen,

they are filled with helium which does not burn. The craft

is 200 feet long and is made of superstrong materials.

In the future it may be possible to build a dirigible with a metal

hull that could carry hundreds of passengers and transport cargo

around the world. In fact, it is probably as a cargo vehicle that the

dirigible will have the best chance to find its use.

Text 8C

Дата добавления: 2014-12-27