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XIII. Употребив глаголы в нужной форме, сделайте еле дующие предложения утвердительными или отрицательны ми в зависимости от смысла.

1. People (to get) resources from the earth.

2. Consumers (to buy) goods from manufacturers.

3. We (to study) economics.

4. The economist (to study) consumers' behaviour in the service markets.

5. The plant (to process) agricultural products, it (t(manufacture) machines.

6. Industry and agriculture (to use) fuel.
7.1 (to study) medicine.

8. Teachers (to study) labour markets.

9. It (to be) possible to predict prices for essential goods.

UNIT3

ГРАММАТИКА

1. Прошедшее простое время (Past Simple Tense)

2. Страдательный залог (Passive Voice) в настоящем про­стом и прошедшем простом временах

ACTIVE VOCABULARY

1. unit ['ju:nit] n единица; блок

2. either... or... ['auter b:(r)] con cj или... или; либо... либо...

3. distribution [,distn'bju:Jbn] n распределение

to distribute [dis'tnbju:t] v распределять, распростра­нять

4. income ['inkam] n доход(ы), прибыль, поступления

5. to consider [kan'sicb] v рассматривать, полагать, счи­тать

6. both... and... ['bsuG.and] corrcj и...и; как...так и

7. supplier [sa'plaia] n поставщик

to supply (smb with smth) [sg'plai] v поставлять (кому-л. что-л.)

8. force [fo:s] n сила

9. employment [im'pbimsnt] n работа (по найму); заня­тость (рабочей силы)

to employ [im'pbi] v предоставлять работу, нанимать ant unemployment [дшт'рЬттзШ] п безработица 10. to require [n'kwaia] v (smth) нуждаться (в чём-л.); тре­бовать (чего-л.)

11. achievement [a'tjrvmant] л достижение

to achieve [s'tftv] v достигать, успешно выполнять

12. proper ['ргорэ] ^'правильный, надлежащий

13. government ['gAvsnmant] n правительство

14. living standard ['livin 'stsndsd] жизненный уровень

ГЛАГОЛ ТО BE В ПРОШЕДШЕМ ПРОСТОМ ВРЕМЕНИ

(Past Simple Tense)

was — был, -а, -о were — были

УТВЕРДИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ

I/ Не/ She/ It

We You They

was

were

at the University yesterday, a student/ students last year.

ОТРИЦАТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ

I

He

She

was not (wasn't) ['wDznt]

at the University yesterday.

ОБЩИЕ ВОПРОСЫ

Was	I he/she/it	at the University yesterday? a student/students last year?
Were	we you they

КРАТКИЕ ОТВЕТЫ:

Yes, she was. No, he wasn't. Yes, we were. No, they weren't.

СПЕЦИАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ

Where	was	I he/she/it	yesterday?
were	we you they	last year?

I. Раскрыв скобки, употребите глагол в форме прошед­шего простого времени.

1. She (not/to be) at work last week. Her children (to be) ill.

2. The economist (not/to be) in his Moscow office yesterday.

3. The economist's prediction (to be) correct.

4. We (not/ to be) University students last year.

5. It (to be) difficult for me to learn English at school.

6. The data (not/ to be) correct enough.

7. The prices for the services (not/ to be) high at that time.

8. There (not/ to be) many plants in the area.

9. The prices for agricultural products (to be) low.

СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ
В НАСТОЯЩЕМ ПРОСТОМ
И ПРОШЕДШЕМ ПРОСТОМ ВРЕМЕНАХ i---------------------------------- '------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ■
AM/ IS/ ARE 1 + WAS/WERE J	ГЛАГОЛ + ed (или третья форма неправильных глаголов Причастие II, Past Participle)
Запомните	формы неправильных глаголов!
Первая форма (Инфинитив и перевод глагола)	Вторая форма (Прошедшее время)	Третья форма (Причастие II, или
	причастие прошедшего
		времени)
	Все три формы глаголов разные
be fbi:] быть	was [wnzj/were [w3:]	been [bi:n]
can [кжп] могу	could [kud]	_
do [du:] делать	did [did]	done [dAn]
go [дэи] идти, ходить, ездить	went [went] Все три формы глагола	gone [gDn]
	различаются, но есть сходство в правописании
begin [bi'gm] начинать(ся)	began [bi'gaen]	begun [Ы'длп]
choose [tjlr.z] выбирать	chose [t/эте]	chosen ['tjauzn]
fall [fo:l] падать	fell [fel]	fallen [То:1эп]
give [giv] давать grow [дгэи] расти, выращивать	gave [geiv] grew [gru:]	given ['givn] grown [дгэип]
know [пэи] знать	knew [nju:]	known [пэип]
rise [raiz] повышать	rose [гэш]	risen [Vizn]
see [si:] видеть speak [spi:k] говорить take [teik] брать write frait] писать	saw [so:] spoke [spsuk] took [tuk] wrote [reut] Первая и третья	seen [si:n] spoken ['spsukn] taken ['teikn] written ['ntn]
	формы одинаковые
ecome [Ы'клт] стать эте [клт]	became [bi'keim] came [keim]	become [Ьг'клт] come [клт]
Г)
	Вторая и третья формы одинаковые
bring [brirj] приносить	brought [bro:t]	brought [brat]
buy [bai] покупать	bought [bo:t]	bought [bo:t]
teach [ti:tj] обучать	taught [to:t]	taught [to:t]
think [Sink] думать	thought [9o:t]	thought [9o:t]
find [faind] находить	found [faund]	found [faund]
get [get] получать	got [gDt]	got [gm]
have [haev] иметь	had [hsed]	had [hsed]
hold [hsuld] держать	held [held]	held [held]
lend [lend] давать	lent [lent]	lent [lent]
взаймы
lose [lu:z] терять	lost [Inst]	lost [lost]
make [meik] делать	made [meid]	made [meid]
mean [mi:n] значить	meant [ment]	meant [ment]
say [sei] сказать	said [sed]	said [sed]
sell [sel] продавать	sold [sauld]	sold [ssuld]
spend [spend] тратить	spent [spent] Все три формы одинаковые	spent [spent]
cost [kDst] стоить	cost [kDSt]	cost [krjst]
let [let] позволять	let [let]	let [let]
put [put] класть	put [put]	put [put]
read* [ri:d] читать	read [red]	read [red]

СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ В НАСТОЯЩЕМ ПРОСТОМ ВРЕМЕНИ
AM/ IS/ ARE + ГЛАГОЛ + ed (или третья форма неправильных глаголов -Причастие II).
УТВЕРДИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ
I	am	asked to help them, given recommendations.
Не/ She/ It	is
We/You/They	are

	ОТРИЦАТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ
	I	am not	asked to help them, given recommendations.
	Не/ She/ It	is not (isn't)
	We/You/They	are not (aren't)
	ОБЩИЕ ВОПРОСЫ
	Am	I	asked to help them? given recommendations?
	Is	he/ she/ it
	Are	we/ you/they
	КРАТКИЕ ОТВЕТЫ: Yes, you are. No, they aren't. Yes, she is. No, he isn't. СПЕЦИАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ
		am	I
	Why	is	he/ she/ it	asked to help them?
		are	we/ you/they
	We are given recommendations by professor Slate. (указание на того, кто производит действие) Нам дает рекомендации профессор Слейт.

II. Раскрыв скобки, употребите глагол в форме страда­тельного залога настоящего простого времени.

1. The goods (to sell) at a high price.

2. English (to teach) at schools and universities.

3. The method (to use) in processing milk.

4. Goods for consumers (to provide) by industry and agriculture.

5. Workers (to employ) by firms.

6. Medicine (not/ to study) by school students but economics (to study) at school.

7.1 (to ask) to help my grandmother work in the garden. 8. We (not/ to teach) music at the University.

ОБЩИЕ ВОПРОСЫ

Was	I he/ she/ it	asked to help them?
Were	we you they	seen at the University yesterday?

КРАТКИЕ ОТВЕТЫ:

Yes, I was. No, she wasn't. Yes, you were. No, we weren't.

СПЕЦИАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ

When	was	I he/ she/ it	asked to help them?
were	we/ you/ they	seen at the University?

III. Раскрыв скобки, употребите глагол в форме страда­тельного залога прошедшего простого времени.

1. When this book (to write)?

2. These goods (to produce) in Great Britain.

3. Not many bank services (to provide) for clients in the Soviet Union.

4. I (not/ to teach) French at school, I (to teach) English.

5. Several models (to make) by the economists.

6. Such a situation (to predict) by economists long ago.

7. Consumers' behaviour (to study) by a group of economists.

8. This plant (to build) 80 years ago.

9. Who (to make) the manager of the factory?

ПРОШЕДШЕЕ ПРОСТОЕ ВРЕМЯ (Past Simple Tense)

Past Simple Tense употребляется для выражения

действий, совершившихся в прошлом

и не связанных с настоящим моментом.

УТВЕРДИТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ

Правильный глагол + -ed (или вторая форма

неправильного глагола)

I You Не/ She/ It We They	worked	at the lesson yesterday. three years ago.
spoke English

ОТРИЦАТЕЛЬНЫЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ

	did not (didn't)+ глагол
I You He/ She/ It We They	did not (didn't)	work	at the lesson yesterday. three years ago.
speak English

ОБЩИЕ ВОПРОСЫ
	I	work
	you		at the lesson yesterday?
Did	he/ she/ it
	we		three years ago?
	they	speak English
КРАТКИЕ ОТВЕТЫ:
Yes, she did.
No, they didn't.
СПЕЦИАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ
Where		I you	work?
	did	he/ she/ it —-
When		we they	speak English?
IV. Раскрыв скобки, употребите глагол в форме
прошедшего простого времени.
1. What data the economist (to analyze) last year? — He (to
analyze) the changes in prices for chocolate.
2.1 (not/to study) economics last year.
3. My parents (not/ to study) economics at the University,
they (to study) medicine.
4. Trade between the two countries (to develop) well last year.
5. What goods this firm (to sell)?
6. They (to make) a correct decision? — No, they....
7. Indu	stry (to devel	op) fast at that	time?

Сравнительная таблица разных типов предложений в

настоящем и прошедшем временах в действительном и

страдательном залогах

(для примера выбраны правильный глагол to study -

studied — studied и неправильный глагол to write —

wrote — written)

Действительный залог	Страдательный залог
Настоящее простое время 1. The scientist studies/ writesarticles. 2. The scientist does not study/ writearticles. 3. Doesthe scientist study/writearticles? Прошедшее простое время 4. The scientist studied/ wrotearticles yesterday. 5. The scientist did not study/ writearticles yesterday. 6. Didthe scientist study/ write articles yesterday?	Настоящее простое время 1. Articles are studied/ writtenby the scientist. 2. Articles are not studied/ writtenby the scientist. 3. Are articles studied/ writtenby the scientist? Прошедшее простое время 4. Articles were studied/ written bythe scientist yesterday. 5. Articles were not studied/ writtenby the scientist yesterday. 6. Werearticles studied/ writtenby the scientist yesterday?

V. Раскрыв скобки, употребите глагол в форме настояще­го или прошедшего простого времени в действительном либо в страдательном залоге.

1. Economists (to consider) a firm as an economic unit.

2. The company (to distribute) its goods in many Russian cities but some goods (to distribute) in European countries.

3. The family income (not/to rise) last year.

4. Consumers (to provide) with both goods and services in this supermarket.

5. The living standard of population (to fall) last year?

6. New workers (to employ) by the company every year?

7. The firm (not/ to supply) the city with agricultural products.

8. The new economic plan is good and no changes (to require) in it.

9. Proper policy (to use) by the government two years ago?
10. Government investments (to require) by this plant last

year.

Числа, обозначающие годы, читаются следующим образом:

1985 — nineteen eighty-five; 1907 — nineteen о [эи] seven; 2000 - two thousand; 2003 — two thousand and three. Если речь идет об одном десятилетии в течение века, например 50-е годы XIX века, то следует читать: the fifties (50s) of the 19th century или the 1850s - the eighteen-fifties.

VI. Назовите по-английски следующие годы:

1998; 1834; 2009; 1960; 1972; 1805; 1799; в 70-е годы; в 40-е годы; в 30-е годы XX века; в 90-е годы XIX века

TEXT

AREAS OF ECONOMICS

There are three main approaches to economics: micro­economics, macroeconomics, and development economics.

Microeconomics focuses on individual economic units. The economic behaviour of either individual consumers or firms or industries is studied by microeconomics. The distribution of products and income among all these units is also analyzed by microeconomics. In this field of economics individuals are considered both as su ppliers of labour and as consumers of goods. Firms are also studied both as suppliers of products and as consumers of labour and capital.

There was a long period in the 19th and early in' the 20th centuries when microeconomic questions dominated in

economics. In the 20th century economists were interested in forces that affect income, employment and prices. They considered economy in all its relationships.

The term "macroeconomics" was first used in the 1930s. The world depression that began in 1929 required the study of such macroeconomic questions as achievement of full employment and economic growth by means of proper government policies². This area of economics was developed by the British economist John Maynard Keynes.

The third main field of economics, that is, development economics, studies the factors of economic growth and how these factors are used by governments in order to achieve high living standards.

1. early in — в начале

2. Существительное policy «политика» в английском языке может употребляться во множественном числе для обозначения политического курса, политики, проводимой конкретным правительством, партией и т.п. На русский язык обычно переводится единственным числом.

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