Unit II famous psychologists 1 страница

Lesson 1. ERNEST WEBER

1. Read out the following words and memorize them:

psysiology (n) [fizi'olB7i] - физиология

psychophysics (n) [saike'fNzNks] - психофизика

focuse ['foLks] -1) собираться); 2) сосредоточиться) (on)

kinaesthesia(n) [kines'Iezia] - кинестезия

touch (n) [tH5] - прикосновение

tie (v) [tai] -1) связывать; 2) объединять усилия (with)

retire (v) [rN'taiB] -1) оставлять (должность), уходить в отставку, увольняться; 2) удаляться от мира-to - from the world; уйти в себя- to - to oneself

graduation (n) [ grWd7L'eNGn] - окончание учебного заведения

sense (n) [sens] - ощущение, чувство; мн. число сознание, разум. Have

you taken leave of your sense? - Вы сошли с ума? То come to ones senses -прийти в сознание

threshold (п) ['IreGhBLld] - 1) порог; 2) преддверие; 3) психол. порог (сознания)

relationship (n) [rN'leiGnGNp] -1) родство; 2) отношение, взаимоотношения, связь

mental (a) [mental] -1) умственный, ~ defective - умственнс-отсталый; 2) психический, ~ affection - душевное заболевание, ~ strain - умственное напряжение, ~ specialist - психиатр

stimulus (pl-li) (n) ['stimjulBs] -1) стимул, пс^удитель, влияние; 2) физиол. стимул, раздражитель

perceive (v) [pB'si:v] -1) воспринимать, осознавать; 2) ощущать, чувствовать, различать

pound (п) - фунт равен 453,6 г

2. Read these word combinations several times until you remember them:

sense of touch - ощущение касания Weber's Law - Закон Вебера two-point threshold - порог чувствительности physical stimulus - физический раздражитель physical events - физические явления mental events - психические явления

systematic relationship-систематическая связь, взаимодействие complex sense - комплексное чувство, ощущение

3. Combine the following words with the help of the preposition of:

sense a) experimental psychology

founder b) body

existence c) relationships

parts d) touch

study e) Psychophysics

Elements f) kinaesthesta

4. Read the following numbers and dates: 179S, 1878,1815,1871,1860,1/40, 40 pounds, 20 pounds, 60 mm, I mm, 13 children, 3d child.

5. Give the three forms of the verbs: be, receive, begin, continue, chose, have, hold, can, define, study, come, teach.

6. Write the comparative and the superlative of the following adjectives: small, large, complex, interesting, good, famous, great.

7. Write the derivatives of the following words: exist, to teach, interest, difference, detect, notice.

8. Give the Russian equivalents of thefollowing words and word-combinations: kinaesthesia, complex sense, sense of touch, physical events, two-point threshold, Weber's Law, just-noticeable difference, existence of kinaesthesia, physical stimulus, chosen interests, constant fraction, mental experience, psychophysics, to detect, to be able, systematic relationship, to come to ones senses, graduation from the university, research technique, half pound difference, existence of psychophysics, measurable physical events, to be composed, mental specialist, mental affection, experimental psychology.

9. Read the text and get ready to talk about Ernst Weber.

Ernest Weber (1795-1878) - one of the founders o f experimental psychology -was born in Wittemburg, Germany, the third of 13 children. He received his doctorate from the University of Leipzig in 1815, i n physiolog y. He began teaching there after graduation, and continued until he retired i n 1871.

His research focused on the senses of touch and kinaesthesia. He was the first to show the existence of kinaesthesia, and showed that touch was a complex sense composed of senses for pressure, temperature and pain.

His chosen interests led him to certain techniques: first, there is the two-point threshold which is a matter of measuring the smallest distance noticeable to touch at various parts of the body. For example, the tongue had the smallest threshold (1 mm), and the back had the largest (60 mm). A second technique involved kinaesthesia: just-noticeable difference in weight a person is capable o f perceiving through holding two things. He discovered that the just-noticeable difference was a constant fraction of weight involved. If you are holding a 40 pound weigh in one hand you will be able to recognize that a 41 pound weight in the other hand is in fact different. But if there were a 20 pound weight, you could detect a mere half pound difference. In other words, as regards weight, we could recognize a 1/40 difference, whatever the weight is. This is known as Weber's law, and is the first "law" relating a physical stimulus w ith a mental experience.

Ernest Weber also named and studied discipline psychophysics, which he defined as the study of the systematic relationships between physical events and mental e vents. In 1860 he published "The Elements of Psychophysics." In this work Weber showed that psychological events are tied to measurable physical events in a systematic way which everyone at that time thought impossible.

10. Answer the following questions:

1. How many children were there in his parents' family?
2. When and where did he receive his doctorate?
3. Where did he begin teaching?
4. When did he retire?
5. What did he study?
6. What are the names of his techniques?
7. What is the two-point threshold?
8. What is kinaesthesia?
9. What is psychophysics?
10. When did Weber publish "The Elements of Psychophysics"?
11. What did he show in his work?
12. When and where was E. Weber born?

11. Say whether the following statements true or false:

1. Ernest Weber was born in Paris, France.

2. Ernest Weber was the third of 17 children in the family.

3. He received his doctorate from the University of Boston.

4. His research focused on the senses of touch and kinaesthesia.

5. The two-point threshold is a matter of measuring the largest distance noticeable to touch at various arts of the body.

6. Ernest Weber named and studied discipline called physiology.

7. In 1860 he published "The Elements of Psychophysics."

8. Weber retired in 1971.

9. Touch is a complex sense composed of senses for pressure, temperature and pain.

12. Finish the sentences according to the text:

1. Ernest Weber was born...

2. He received his doctorate...

3. He began teaching...

4. His chosen interests led him...

5. The two-point threshold is...

6. Kinaesthesia is...

7. Ernest Weber discovered that...

8. Ernest Weber also named...

9. In 1860 he published...

10. Weber's law is...

13. Insert the right prepositions where necessary: *

1. Ernest Weber was one of the founders... experimental psychology. 2. He received his doctorate... the University... Leipzig in 1815... physiology. 3. His research focused... the senses of touch and kinaesthesia. 4. His chosen interests led him... certain techniques. 5. If you are holding... a 40 pound weigh... one hand, you will be able to recognize that a 41 pound weight... the other hand is... fact different. 6. Weber's law related a physical stimulus... a mental experience.

14. Insert the articles where necessary: *

1. Ernest Weber was born in... Wittemburg,... Germany. 2. He was... third of 13 children. 3. He received... his doctorate from... University ofLeipzig. 4. His research focused on... senses of... touch and... kinaesthesia. 5. He discovered that... just-noticeable difference was... constant fraction of... weight involved. 6. In... other words, as regards... weight, we could recognize... 1/40 difference, whatever... weight is. 7. Weber defined... psychophysics as... study of... systematic relationships between... physical events and... mental events.

15. Speak about Ernest Weber.

16. Work in groups. Find out from your partners:

what they know about kinaesthesia;

what they know about two-point threshold;

what they know about psychophysics.

17. Imagine that you are a journalis.t You should ask one of the Weber's students about his methods of doing psychology. Role-play your interwiev.

Lesson 2. ALFRED BINET

1. Read the following proper names to remember the pronunciation:

Alfred Binet ['WlfrBd bi'ne]

French ['frentG]

Sorbonne [sor'bon]

Theodore Simon [Ii:Bdo: 'saimBn]

Binet - Simon Scale [bine saimBn skeil]

Paris ['pWris]

Stanford ['stWnfBd]

Stanford -Binet Scale

2. Study the following words:

ability (n) [B'bilBti] -1) способность, умение; to the best of one's abilities -по мере сил и способностей; 2) a man of great abilities - высокоодаренный человек

achievement (n) [B'5NvmBnt] -1) достижение; 2) выполнение; 3) подвиг colleague (n)['kClNg] - коллега

develop (v) [di'velBLp] -1) развивать, совершенствовать; 2) разрабатывать, конструировать

grade(n) [greid] -1) степень; 2) качество, сорт, 3) амер. класс, отметка

intelligence (n) [in'teli7Bns] - 1) ум; 2) рассудок, интеллект, 3) attr. -умственный, ~ testing - испытание умственных способностей, ~ quotient (I.Q.) -коэффициент умственного развития (прим. в армии и школах США и Британии)

measure (v) [meFB] - 1) измерять, мерить; to ~ a person with one's eye -смерить кого-то взглядом; 2) оценивать, определят^ характер)

reasoning (n) ['ri:zniE] - 1) рассуждение; 2) объяснения, аргументация; 3) мыслящий, способный рассуждать

3. Study the following word combinations:

standard intelligence test - тест для измерения общего интеллекта

research laboratory—исследовательская лаборатория

reasoning ability — способность рассуждать, аргументировать

mental ability - умственные способности

experimental technique - экспериментальный метод

to measure intelligence - измерять коэффициент умственного развития

intelligence measurement - измерение коэффициента умственного развития

intelligence testing - испытание умственных способностей

child's mental age - умственный возраст ребенка

The Stanford-Binet Scale - шкала Стенфорда - Бине

The Binet-Simon Scale - шкала Бине – Симона

4. Read the following dates: 1857,1911,1889,1895,1905; Jury 11,1857; October 18,1911.

5. Write the three forms of the following verbs: know, be, try, find, found, make, base, show, pay, measure.

6. Write the following sentences in the passive voice. Begin with the words in brackets*:

1) Everybody knows famous French psychologist Alfred Binet. (Alfred Binet...) 2) Binet got his education at the Sorbonne. (He...) 3) Binet founded the first psychological research laboratory in France. (The first psychological research laboratory...) 4) bi 1895 he founded the first French Psychological journal, "The Psychological Year." (The first French Psychological journal...) 5) Binet developed a test to measure the mental ability of children. (A test...) 6) Binet made up the test of problems designed to measure general intelligence. (The test...) 7) The scientist graded the items according to age level. (The items...) 8) American psychologists paid great importance to the intelligence testing. (The great importance...) 9) Stanford adapted Binet's original test. (Binet's original test...)

7. Write the derivatives of the following words: measure, develop, mental, able, found, direct, psychology, important.

8. Give the Russian equivalents of the following words and word-combinations: psychological research laboratory, experimental techniques, to develop, to measure intelligence, reasoning ability, psychological journal, intelligence testing, mental ability, Binet-Simon Scale, to grade according to the age level, the child's score, the child's mental age.

9. Write the words with the opposite meaning using negative prefixes and
suffixes: ability, measurable, reasonable, appear, published, important, correct,
educated, used.

10. Read the following text and get ready to speak about Alfred Binet:

Alfred Binet (1857-1911) French psychologist, known for his achievements in developing a standard intelligence test. Binet was born on July 11, 1857, in Nice.

He was educated at the Sorbonne, where he studied law. However, he decided to continue his studies in medicine and psychology. In 1889 at the Sorbonne he helped to found the first psyc hological research laboratory in France. As director of the laboratory, Binet trie d to develop experimenta l t echnique s to measure in telligence and rea soning ability. In 1895 he founded the first French Psychological journal, "The Psychological Year," and used it to publish the results of his research studies.

Binet's most important work was in intelligence testing. With his colleag ue, psychologist Theodore Simon, he developed a test to measure the mental ability of children. The Binet - Simon Scale first appeared in 1905. It was made up of problems designed to measure general intelligence, and items were graded according to age level. The child's score, based on the number of correct answers, showed the child's mental age.

Binet died in Paris on October 18,1911. His work on intelligence measurement
remained important among psychologists in other countries. The Stanford - Binet
Scale, an adaptation of Binet's original test, was widely used for many years in the
USA, where great importance was paid to intelligence testing.

11. Answer the questions to the text:

1. Where and when was Binet born?

2. Where did he get his education?

3. Which laboratory did he help to found in 1889?

4. What techniques did he found?

5. What did he use to publish the results of his research studies?

6. What was Binet's most important work?

7. What scale did he work out?

8. Who adapted Binet's test in the USA?

9. Why did Stanford adapt Binet's scale?

10. How did Binet make up his test and scale?

12. Say whether the following statements true or false:

1. Binet was born in Nice in 1857.

2. He graduated from Leipzig University.

3. He studied law at the Sorbonne.

4. Alfred Binet continued his studies in medicine and psychology.

5. Binet founded the first French psychological journal.

6. The most important Binet's work was in curing amnesia.

7. He developed a test to measure intelligence together with Theodore Simon.

8. With the help of the test it is possible to determine a child's age.

13. Continue the following sentences in accordance with the text.

1. Alfred Binet is known for his...

2. He was born...

3. He entered Sorbonne University and studied...

4. Binet continued his education in...

5. In 1889 Binet helped to...

6. As a director of the laboratory he...

7. In 1895 Binet founded...

8. Binet's most important work was...

9. Together with Theodore Simon he...

10. Binet died...

11. The Stanford - B in et Scale is an...

12 In the USA the great importance...

14. Put in the prepositions where necessary. *

1. Alfred Binet is known... his achievements... developing a standard intelligence test. 2. He was educated... the Sorbonne. 3. Binet founded the first psychological scientific laboratory... France. 4. The most important Binet's works were... intelligence testing. 5. Together... Theodore Simon he developed a test... measuring the mental ability... children. 6. American version of his test was used in the USA... many years.

15. Put in the articles where necessary.*

1. Alfred Binet is known for his... achievements in developing... standard intelligence test. 2. He was born on... July 11,1857.3. Binet decided to continue his... studies in... medicine and... psychology. 4. In... 1895 he founded... first French Psychological journal. 5. Binet used... his journal to publish... results of... his research. 6. In... Binef s test... child's score showed... child's mental age. 7. That... score was based on... number of... correct answers. 8. In... USA... great importance was paid to... intelligence testing.

16. Work in groups. Find out from your partners:

what they know about intelligence testing;

what the know about Binet's tests;

what they think about obligatory testing of children in American and British schools.

17. Fill in the table with the main events of Alfred Binet's life:

18. Work out the main principles of your own intelligence test

19. Topic for discussion: Intelligence testing - for and against

Lesson 3 WILHELM MAX WUNDT

1. Learn the following words:

apperception (n) [WpB'sepfn] - апперцепция

carry out (v) [kWri aut] - проводить

establish (v) [is'tWbliGl - основывать, учреждать

Logic (n)['lodFNk] - логика

observation (n) [obzB'veiGn] - наблюдение

philosophy (n) [fi'lCsBfi] - философия

perceive (v) [pB'si:v] -1) воспринимать, понимать; 2) ощущать, чувствовать perception (v) [рB'sepGn] -1) восприятие, ощущение; 2) фил ос. перцепция promote (v) [рrB'mCLt] -1) выдвигать, продвигать; 2) способствовать, помогать, поддерживать

2. Read the following word combinations to make sure you know them:

academic course - академический курс

monumental work - монументальный труд

conscious mind - разум, осознанное мышление

published work - опубликованная работа

extensive experimental research -экстенсивноеэкспериментальное исследование

psychological journal - психологический научный журнал

structuralist psychology - структуралистская психология

3. Readthefollowing dates: 1832,1920,1858,1874,1875,1917,1881,1879.

4. Write the comparative and the superlative of the following adjectives: independent, conscious, interesting, new, old, extensive, accurate, long, short, important.

5. Give the three forms of thefollowing verbs: teach, be, educate, offer, found, do, know, carry, have, write, publish.

6. Form the derivatives of the following words: found, establish, observe,
recognize, teach, academy, physiology, percept.

7. Give the Russian equivalents of the following words and word-combinations from the text: to establish, monumental work, philosophy, extensive experimental research, intensive research technique, to carry out experiments, observation, structuralist psychology, published work, monumental work, scientific work, to be educated, psychological journal, academic course, to promote a discipline, to found, perception, apperception, conscious mind, to teach psychology, to offer the first academic course.

8. Read the text and get ready to speak about Wilhelm Max Wundt

Wilhelm Max Wundt (1832-1920), German psychologist, was the founder of scientific psychology as an independent discipline. Born in Neckarau, he was educated at the universities of Tibungen and Heidelberg, and the Institute of Psychology in Berlin. After teaching physiology at the University of Heidelberg (1858-1874) he taught philosophy at the University of Zurich (1874-1875) and was Professor of Philosophy at the University of Leipzig from 1875 to 1917.

Wundt offered the first academic course in psychology and established the first laboratory for Experimental psychology in 1879. He founded the first psychological JOffiaaTStudies of Psychology" in 1881.

Wundt promoted what is known as structuralist psychology, focusing on observations of the conscious mind rather then interference. Wundt also carried out extensive experimental research on perception, feeling and apperception (a phase of perception where there is full recognition of what has been perceived). His more than 500 published works include "Principles of Physiological Psychology" (2 volumes 1873-1874) and the monumental work "Elements of Folk Psychology" (10 volumes, 1900-1920). He also wrote "Lo gic " (1880), and "System of Philosophy" (1889).

9. Answer the following questions:

1. When and where was Wilhelm Max Wundt born?

2. Where was he educated?

3. What did he begin teaching first?

4. Which academic course did he offer fist?

5. What journal did he found in 1881?

6. What did he promote?

7. What did he study experimentally?

8. How many scientific works did he publish?

9. Name the most important published works by W.M. Wundt.

10. Say if the following statements true or false:

1. German psychologist Wilhelm Max Wundt was born in 1920.

2. He was the founder of scientific physiology as an independent discipline.

3. Wilhelm Max Wundt was educated at the Universities of Tibungen and Heidelberg.

4. After the graduation he taught philosophy.

5. Wundt established the first laboratory for Experimental psychology in 1879.

6. He founded the first psychological journal in 1881.

7. Wundt carried out intensive experimental research on perception, feeling and apperception.

8. He published more than 500 works.

9. His monumental work was titled "Elements of Folk Psychology."

11. Finish the following sentences according to the text:

1. Wilhelm Max Wundt was educated

2. After teaching physiology...

3. Wundt offered the first academic course...

4. He founded the first...

5. Structuralist psychology is focused...

6. Wundt also carried out...

7. His more than 500 published works include...

12. Insert the prepositions where necessary.*

1. Wilhelm M. Wundt was born... Neckarau. 2. He was educated... the Universities of Tibungen and Heidelberg. 3. He taught philosophy... the University... Zurich and was Professor... Philosophy... the University... Leipzig from 1875 to 1917.4. Wundt offered the first academic course... psychology. 5. Wundt also carried... extensive experimental research... perception, feeling and apperception. 6. He established the first laboratory... Experimental psychology... 1879.

13. Put in the right articles where necessary. *

1. Wilhelm Max Wundt was... founder of...scientific psychology as...
independent discipline. 2. He was born in... Neckarau. 3. Wundt offered... first
academic course in... psychology. 4. He founded... first psychological journal.
5. Wundt promoted what is known as... structuralist psychology, focusing on...
observations of... conscious mind rather then... interference. 6. His more than... 500
published works include... "Principles of Physiological Psychology."

14. Work In groups. Find outfrom your partners:

• what they know about Wundt's scientific work;
• what experimental research they prefer active or passive;
• which published works by Wundt they know;
• what they know about structuralist psychology;
• which scientific discipline they can propose and why.

15. Imagine that you are a teacher ofpsychology. Speak about Wilhelm Max
Wundt and the most important events in his work.

16. Work in groups. Discuss the importance of Wundt's work for the
development of modern psychology.

Lesson 4. Ivan Pavlov

1. Study the following words:

digestion (n) [dai'dFestGn] -1) пищеварение; 2) усвоение (знаний и т.п.)

extravert = extrovert (n) ['ekstrBvB:t] - психол. экстраверт, человек с открытой натурой

choleric (а) ['kClBrik] - холерический, раздражительный

intravert = introvert (n)['inrBLvB:t] - психол. интраверт

melancholic (a) [melBn'kClik] - меланхолический, подверженный меланхолии phlegmatic (a) [fleg'mWtik] - флегматичный, вялый

priest(n) [pri:st] - 1) священник; 2) жрец

reflex(n) [ri:'fleks] -1) физиол. рефлекс; 2) отражение, отблеск

sanguine (a) [sWngwin] — 1) сангвинический, жизнерадостный; 2) оптимистический; 3) румяный; 4) поэтич. кроваво-красный

2. Remember the following word-combinations:

stand for smth - символизировать, означать

nervous system - физиол. нервная система

arbitrary symbols - условные знаки и обозначения

salivary response - физиол. слюнная реакция (рефлекс)

signal system - физиол. сигнальная система

conditioned stimulus - физиол. условный раздражитель (стимул)

neutral stimulus - физиол. нейтральный раздражитель (стимул)

unconditioned stimulus - физиол. безусловный раздражитель (стимул) unconditioned response - физиол. безусловная реакция (рефлекс)

3. Read the following proper namesfor several times to remember: Pavlov Ivan Petrovich, Military Medical Academy, Ryazan, Noble Prize, Hero of the Revolution, Hans Eysenck, St. Petersburg.

4. Read the following dates: 1849,1936,1883,1890,1879,1900,1921,1904,1870.

5. Write the three forms of the following verbs: be, study, get, enter, know, walk, live, leave, begin, receive, teach, receive, rename, make, act, occur, keep, fall.

6. Wife the derivatives of the following words: doctor, condition, repeat, system, to name, to respond, present.

7. Give the Russian equivalents of the following words and word-combinations: the Noble Prize, unconditioned stimulus, arbitrary symbols, nervous system, salivary response, the Hero of the Revolution, neutral stimulus, priest, choleric, stand for smth., reflex, intravert, melancholic, phlegmatic, different experiments, over a number of repetitions, extravert, relative strength, human language, Military Medical Academy, get interested in medicine, to elicit the response.

8. Use the verbs in the following sentences in the Passive voice. *

1. Pavlov got his education at the Military Medical Academy in St. Petersburg and at the University of Leipzig. 2. The Noble Prize Committee awarded him The Noble Prize in 1904.3. At a certain point Pavlov renamed the neutral stimulus the conditioned stimulus. 4. The scientist classified the dogs' personalities into four groups. 5. Different animals can activate and calm down their nervous system differently. 6. Pavlov produced some new physiological terms. 7. Pavlov made different experiments with the dogs. 8. He studied the salivary response.

9. Read the following text and get ready to talk about Ivan Pavlov.

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936) was born in the family of a Russian priest. After studying for his priesthood he got interested in medicine. In 1870 he entered the Military Medical Academy in St. Petersburg. It is interesting to know that he walked from his home in Ryazan hundreds of miles to St. Petersburg.

In 1879 he received his degree in natural science. Then he went to study at the University of Leipzig in Germany and in 1883 he received his MD. In 1890 he began teaching at the Military Medical Academy. It was 1900 that he began studying reflexes especially the salivary response.

In 1904 he was awarded the Noble Prize in physiology for his work in digestion. In 1921 he received the Hero of the Revolution Award from Lenin himself. According to Pavlov we begin with an unconditioned stimulus and an unconditioned response -a reflex. We then associate a neutral stimulus with the reflex by presenting it with the unconditioned stimulus. Over a number of repetitions, the neutral stimulus by 'tseli will elicit the response. At this point the neutral stimulus is renamed the conditioned stimulus, and the response is called the conditioned response.

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