Unit II famous psychologists 2 страница

Pavlov made different experiments with the dogs and classified them into four different personalities: dogs that were angry were choleric, ones that fell asleep were phlegmatic, ones that whined were melancholic, and the few that kept their spirits up were sanguine. The relative strengths of the dogs' abilities to activate their nervous system and calm it back down were the explanations. These explanations would be used later by Hans Eysenck to understand the differences between intraverts and extraverts.

Another set of terms that come from Pavlov are the first and the second signal systems. The first signal system is where the conditioned stimulus acts as a "signal" that an important event is to occur. The second signal system is when arbitrary symbols come to stand for stimuli, as they do in human language.

10. Answer the following questions:

1. When and where was Pavlov born?

2. What did he study first?

3. Which Academy did he enter?

4. When did he receive his doctorate?

5. Where was he working all his life?

6. What award did he get in 1904?

7. Who gave Pavlov the Hero of the Revolution Award?

8. What is reflex according to Pavlov?

9. Which new terms did Pavlov use?

10. What experiments did he carry out?

11. Say if the following statements true or false:

1. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was born in the family of a French priest.

2. Pavlov got his first education in math.

3. He studied psychology in the Military Medical Academy in St. Petersburg.

4. Pavlov received his doctorate in 1883.

5. He began studying reflexes especially the salivary response in 1880.

6. Pavlov was awarded the Noble Prize in 1904.

7. Pavlov created many new terms.

8. Pavlov was the first scientist to use the names of the temperaments to the animals.

12. finish the following sentences according to the text:

1. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936) was born...

2. In 1870 he entered...

3. He walked from his home...

4. In 1890 he began teaching...

5. In 1904 he was awarded...

6. In 1921 he received...

7. Pavlov made different experiments...

8. Pavlov classified the dogs into...

13. Insert the right articles where necessary.*

Pavlov was born in... family of... Russian priest. He got interested in... medicine and in... 1870 Ivan Petrovich entered... Military Medical Academy in... St. Peterburg.

In... 1904 he was awarded... Noble Prize in... physiology for his... work in... digestion. Pavlov made... different experiments with... dogs. Terms that come from... Pavlov are... first and... second signal systems. Another set of his... terms are... choleric,... phlegmatic,... melancholic and... sanguine.

14. Fill in the gaps with the right prepositions*.

Pavlov was born... the family of a priest and after studying... his priesthood he got interested... medicine. He entered... the Military Medical Academy. Some years later he began teaching... the Academy.... 1904 he was awarded...the Noble Prize... physiology for his work... digestion. Many new terms... physiology and psychology has came... Pavlov.

15. Work in groups. Find out from your partners:

• what they know about Ivan Pavlov's experiments;
• which new terms, produced by Pavlov they know;
• whether they can explain these terms;
• what they know about Pavlov's awards.

16. Speak about Ivan Pavlov.

17. Write a short story about a well-known psychologist Mr. N, using the words and word-combinations from topic "Famous scientist " Get ready to speak about this man.

Lesson 5. COMPREHENSION CHECK

Choose the best alternative.

1. One of the founders of experimental psychology was

a) Ernest Weber.

b) Wilhelm Max Wundt.

c) Alfred Binet.

d) Ivan Pavlov.

2. The first psychological laboratory in France was founded by

a) W.M. Wundt.

b) I. Pavlov.

c) A. Binet.

d) E.Weber.

3. The first psychological journal in France was founded by

a) I. Pavlov.

b) W.M. Wundt.

c)E. Weber.

d)A. Binet.

4. In 1904 he was awarded the Noble Prize in physiology for his work in digestion

a) W.M. Wundt.

b)A. Binet.

c) E.Weber.

d)I. Pavlov.

5. Wilhelm Max Wundt was the founder of

a) psychology as an independent discipline.

b) physiology as an independent discipline.

c) philosophy as an independent discipline.

d) anatomy as an independent discipline.

6. Alfred Binet developed a test to measure

a) the mental ability of children.

b) digestion.

c) the electrical activity of the brain.

d) the two-point threshold.

7. Ernest Weber studied

a) kinaesthesia.

b) child's mental age.

c) apperception.

d) instinct.

8. Wundt offered the first academic course in

a) mathematics,

b) psychology.

c) philosophy.

d) physics.

9. The first psychological journal in Germany was founded by

a) E.Weber.

b) M. Wundt.

c)A. Binet.

d) I. Pavlov.

10. The great importance was paid to intelligence testing in

a) France.

b) the USA.

c) in Germany.

d) Russia.

11. Psychophysics is the study of the systematic relationships between

a) physical events and mental events.

b) child's mental age and his reasoning ability.

c) perception and apperception.

d) an unconditioned stimulus and an unconditioned response.

12. Pavlov made different experiments with

a) children.

b) grown-ups.

c) dogs.

d) cats.

Lesson 6 Sir Francis Galton

1. Read out the following words and memorize them:

degree – степень;

penchant – склонность;

measurу – измерять;

fingerprints – отпечатки пальцев;

obsession – навязчивое состояние, навязчивость;

hereditary – наследственный;

genius – гений;

invention – изобретение;

inquiry – запрос, опрос.

2. Read the following numbers and dates: 16, 1822, 7, 2, 16, 1843, 21, 1856, 1869.

3. Give the three forms of the verbs: read, go, finish, die, leave, travel, become, publish.

4. Write the comparative and the superlative of the following adjectives: young, wonderful, nice, busy, wet, big, gay.

5. Write the derivatives of the following words: educate, develop, criticize, demonstrate, aristocrat, bank, geography.

6. Give the Russian equivalents of the following words and word-combinations:

first cousin, wealthy banker, in childhood, in adulthood, member of the Royal Geographical Society, children of geniuses, developed maps, accounts of his adventures, measuring intelligence, medical school, boarding school, wealthy young aristocrat, weather map.

7. Read the text and get ready to talk about Sir Francis Galton.

Francis Galton was born February 16, 1822 near Birmingham, England. He was the youngest of 7 children, and first cousin of Charles Darwin. His father, a wealthy banker, insisted on educating Francis at home, especially considering that Francis could read at 2 and a half years old.

Later in childhood, he was sent off to boarding school, which he despised and criticized even in adulthood. At 16, he went to medical school at King's College at Oxford. He finished his degree at Cambridge in 1843, at 21.

His father died, leaving Galton a wealthy young aristocrat. He traveled extensively and became a member of the Royal Geographical Society, for which he developed maps of new territories and accounts of his adventures. He became president of that organization in 1856.

Galton had a penchant for measuring everything. This interest in measurement led to his invention of the weather map (including highs, lows, and front — terms he introduced), and to suggesting the use of fingerprints to Scotland Yard.

His obsession eventually led to his efforts at measuring intelligence. In 1869, he published «Hereditary Genius: An Inquiry into its Laws and Consequences», in which he demonstrates that the children of geniuses tend to be geniuses themselves.

8. Answer the following questions:

1 When and where was Francis Galton born?

2. Was his family healthy or poor?

3. Where did he study?

4. When did he become the president of Royal Geographical Society?

5. What was he interested in?

9. Say whether the following statements true or false:

1. Francis Galton was born February 16, 1822 near Birmingham, England.

2. He was the youngest of 7 children.

3. Galton had a penchant for measuring everything.

4. His obsession eventually led to his efforts at measuring intelligence.

5. In 1859, he published «Hereditary Genius: An Inquiry into its Laws and Consequences».

10. Finish the sentences according to the text:

1. He was the first cousin of …

2. Later in childhood, he was sent off to…

3. At 16, he went to…

4. This interest in measurement led to his invention of…

5. He traveled extensively and became a member…

11. Insert the right prepositions where necessary:

1. He was the youngest…7 children

2. He finished his degree...Cambridge in…1843,…21.

3. He traveled extensively and became a member…the Royal Geographical Society.

4. He became president…that organization…1856.

5. At 16, he went…medical school…King's College…Oxford.

12. Insert the articles where necessary:

1. His father,…wealthy banker, insisted on educating Francis at home.

2. His father died, leaving Galton…wealthy young aristocrat.

3. He demonstrates that…children of geniuses tend to be geniuses themselves.

4. This interest in measurement led to suggesting…use of fingerprints to Scotland Yard.

5. Francis could read at 2 and…half years old.

13. Speak about:

- the biography of Francis Galton;

- research work of Francis Galton;

- his interests;

- the work Francis Galton published.

14. Work in groups. Find out from your partners:

- Galton's interest in measurement;

- Galton's interest in travelling;

Lesson 7 John Broadus Watson

1. Read out the following words and memorize them:

troublemaker – причинитель беспокойства, тревоги; нарушитель общественного порядка;

incomprehensible – непостижимый;

neurophysiology – нейрофизиология;

nervous breakdown – нервный срыв;

PhD – doctor of philosophy – доктор философии;

Masters degree – степень магистра;

behavior – поведение.

2. Read the following numbers and dates: 9, 1878, 12, 16, 22, 1902, 1908, 1913, 1920, 11, 1924, 25, 1958.

3. Give the three forms of the verbs: move, pass, study, graduate, work, suffer, switch, marry.

4. Write the comparative and the superlative of the following adjectives: old, loud, rich, wonderful, cosy, sad, common.

5. Write the derivatives of the following words: understand, success, human, interest, psychology, compare, intellect.

6. Give the Russian equivalents of the following words and word-combinations: John became a troublemaker, intense fear of the dark, comparative psychology, human infants, vice president, depression, professorship, human behavior, behaviorist program, advertising agency, respected functionalist, a well-run animal lab.

7. Read the text and get ready to talk about John Broadus Watson.

John Watson was born January 9, 1878 in a small town outside Greenville, South Carolina. When John was 12, his family moved into the town of Greenville, but a year later his father left the family. John became a troublemaker and barely passed in school.

At 16, he began attending Furman University, also in Greenville, and he graduated at 22 with a Masters degree. He then went on to the University of Chicago to study under John Dewey. He found Dewey «incomprehensible» and switched his interests from philosophy to psychology and neurophysiology.

In 1902he suffered from a «nervous breakdown" which had been a long time coming. He had suffered from an intense fear of the dark since childhood — due to stories he had heard in childhood about the devil doing his work in the night — and this grew into depression.

Nevertheless, after some rest, he finished his PhD the following year, got an assistantship with his professor, the respected functionalist James Angell, and married a student in his intro psych class, Mary Ickes. They would go on to have two children.

The following year, he was made an instructor. He developed a well-run animal lab where he worked with rats, monkeys, and terns. Johns Hopkins offered him a full professorship and a laboratory in 1908.

In 1913, he wrote an article called «Psychology as a Behaviorist Views It» for Psychological Review.Here, he outlined the behaviorist program. This was followed in the following year by the book «Behaviorism: An Introduction to comparative Psychology». In this book, he pushed the study of rats as a useful model for human behavior. Until then, rat research was not thought of as significant for understanding human beings.

He expanded his lab work to include human infants. His best known experiment was conducted in 1920 with the help of his lab assistant Rosalie Rayner. «Little» Albert B, an 11 month old child, was conditioned to fear a white rat by pairing it with a loud noise. His fear quickly generalized to white rabbits, fur coats, and even cotton. Later, a three year old Peter was «de-conditioned» by pairing his fear of white rabbits with milk and cookies and other positive things gradually.

He soon found himself working for the V. Walter Thompson advertising agency. He worked in a great variety of positions within the company, and was made vice president in 1924. By all standards of the time, he was very successful and quite rich. He died in New York City on September 25, 1958.

8. Answer the following questions:

1. When and where was John Watson born?

2. Where did he study?

3. What degrees did he receive?

4. What was he interested in?

5. What works did he write?

9. Say whether the following statements true or false:

1. John Watson was born January 9, 1878 in a small town outside Greenville, South Carolina.

2. When John was 14, his family moved into the town of Greenville.

3. In 1908he suffered from a «nervous breakdown" which had been a long time coming.

4. He had suffered from an intense fear of the dark since childhood

5. He married a student in his intro psych class.

10. Finish the sentences according to the text:

1. He developed a well-run animal lab where he worked with…

2. In 1913, he wrote an article called…

3. In the book«Behaviorism: An Introduction to comparative Psychology», he pushed the study of …

4. He expanded his lab work to include…

5. Later, a three year old Peter was «de-conditioned» by pairing his fear of white rabbits with…

11. Insert the right prepositions where necessary*:

1. …16, he began attending Furman University, also…Greenville, and he graduated…22…a Masters degree.

2. Johns Hopkins offered him a full professorship and a laboratory…1908.

3. His best known experiment was conducted…1920…the help…his lab assistant Rosalie Rayner.

4. «Little» Albert B, an 11 month old child, was conditioned to fear a white rat…pairing it…a loud noise.

5. He soon found himself working…the V. Walter Thompson advertising agency.

12 Insert the articles where necessary*:

1. He then went on to…University of Chicago to study under John Dewey.

2. By all standards of…time, he was very successful and quite rich.

3. He had suffered from…intense fear of the dark since childhood.

4. Until then…rat research was not thought of as significant for understanding human beings.

5. This was followed in … following year by … book «Behaviorism:... Introduction to comparative Psychology».

13. Speak about:

- the biography of John Watson;

- research work of John Watson;

- his fear;

- the work John Watson published.

14. Work in groups. Find out from your partners:

- Watson’s best known experiment which was conducted in 1920;

- the degrees he had and universities he had finished.

Lesson 8 Edmund Husserl

1. Read out the following words and memorize them:

phenomenology – феноменология;

jewish – еврейский;

exchange – обмениваться;

professorship – профессура.

2. Read the following numbers and dates: 8, 1859, 1882, 1900, 1901, 100, 55, 1000.

3. Give the three forms of the verbs: have,exchange, recognize, involve, develop, invite, concern, put, say.

4. Write the comparative and superlative of the following adjectives: bad, great, narrow, close, fine, independent.

5. Write the derivatives of the following words: history, investigate, study, move, invite, write, analyse.

6. Give the Russian equivalents of the following words and word-combinations: he moved to Vienna, lecturer, exchanged ideas, original ideas, brand of phenomenology, circle, he developed a friendship with Wilhelm Dilthey, Jewish family, nature of the mind, investigating the nature, historical context.

7. Read the text and get ready to talk about Edmund Husserl.

Edmund Husserl was born on April 8, 1859 in Prossnitz, Moravia. He studied philosophy, math, and physics at Leipzig, Berlin, and Vienna and received his doctorate from the University of Vienna in 1882 in mathematics. The next year, he moved to Vienna to study under Franz Brentano.

Husserl was born into a Jewish family. He had three children. He went to study with Carl Stumpf at the University of Halle and became alecturer there. They became good friends and exchanged ideas.

While at Halle, he agonized over the connection between mathematics and the nature of the mind. He recognized that his original ideas, which involved mathematics as coming out of psychology, were misguided. So he began the development of his brand of phenomenology as a way of investigating the nature of experience itself. This led to the publication of «Logical Investigations » in 1900.

He was invited to a professorship at the University of Gottingen in 1901, where students began to form a circle around him and his work. He also developed a friendship with Wilhelm Dilthey, and was influenced by Dilthey's ideas concerning the historical context of science.

He died on April 27, 1938.

8. Answer the following questions:

1. When and where was Edmund Husserl born?

2. What degree did he receive?

3. What was he interested in?

4. What work did he publish in 1900?

5. What famous people were among his friends?

9. Say whether the following statements true or false:

1. Edmund Husserl was born on April 8, 1859 in Prossnitz, Moravia.

2. He studied philosophy, math, and physics at Leipzig, Berlin, and Vienna

3. He received his Masters degree from the University of Vienna in 1882 in mathematics.

4. He moved to Vienna to study under Franz Brentano.

5. Husserl was born into a Russian family.

10. Finish the sentences according to the text:

1. He went to study with Carl Stumpf at the University of Halle and…

2. While at Halle, he agonized over the connection between mathematics and…

3. He was invited to a professorship at the University of…

4. He also developed a friendship with…

5. He recognized that his original ideas, which involved mathematics as coming out of psychology…

11. Insert the right prepositions where necessary*:

1. Edmund Husserl was born … April 8, 1859

2. This led to the publication … «Logical Investigations » in 1900.

3. He moved…Vienna.

4. He was influenced…Dilthey's ideas.

5. So he began the development … his brand … phenomenology as a way … investigating the nature…experience itself.

12. Insert the articles where necessary*:

1. So he began … development of his brand of phenomenology as … way of investigating … nature of experience itself.

2. They became…good friends and exchanged ideas.

3. He had…three children.

4. He went to study with Carl Stumpf at…University of Halle.

5. He died on…April 27, 1938.

13. Speak about:

- the biography of Edmund Husserl;

- research work of Edmund Husserl;

- the work Edmund Husserl published.

14. Work in groups. Find out from your partners:

- Husserl’s Friends and colleagues;

- Edmund Husserl agonized over the connection between mathematics and the nature of the mind.

Lesson 9 Martin Heidegger

1. Read out the following words and memorize them:

existence – существование;

ancient – древний, старый;

exploration – исследование;

sexton – церковный сторож;

join – соединять, присоединять;

phenomenology – феноменология;

masterwork – шедевр;

standpoint – точка зрения;

day-to-day – повседневный.

2. Read the following numbers and dates: 26, 1889, 1914, 1923, 1927, 1^st, 3^rd,5^th, 27^th.

3. Give the three forms of the verbs: spend, ask, follow, influence, publish, speak, dream, freeze, hang, keep, set, throw, wake.

4. Write the comparative and the superlative of the following adjectives: many, careful, cultural, low, bright, pleasant, wide, ripe, cheap.

5. Write the derivatives of the following words: philosophy, science, particular, explore, hope, use, truth, rain, meaning.

6. Give the Russian equivalents of the following words and word-combinations: local church, Middle Ages, English-speaking world, philosophical and scientific investigations, received his doctorate, published his masterwork.

7. Read the text and get ready to talk about Martin Heidegger.

Martin Heidegger was born on September 26, 1889, in Messkirch, Germany. His father was the sexton of the local church, and Heidegger followed suit by joining the Jesuits. He studied the theology and philosophy of the Middle Ages, as well as the more recent work of Franz Brentano.

He studied with Heinrich Rickert and with Husserl. He received his doctorate in 1914, and began teaching at the University of Freiburg the following year. Although he was strongly influenced by Husserl's phenomenology, his interests lay more in the meaning of existence itself.

In 1923, he became a professor at the University of Marburg, and in 1927, he published his masterwork, «Being and Tim e». Influenced by the ancient Greeks as well as Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and Dilthey, as well as Husserl, it was an exploration of the verb «to be», particularly from the standpoint of a human being in time. Densely and obscurely written, it was nevertheless well received all over Europe, though not in the English-speaking world.

Heidegger spent his entire life asking one question: What is it «to be»? Behind all our day-to-day living, for that matter, behind all our philosophical and scientific investigations of that life, how is it that we «are» at all?

8. Answer the following questions:

1. When and where was Martin Heidegger born?

2. What did he study?

3. Where did he work?

4. What masterwork did he publish in 1927?

5. What was he interested in?

6. Say whether the following statements true or false:

1. Martin Heidegger was born on September 26, 1889, in Germany.

2. His father was the sexton of the local church.

3. Heidegger followed suit by joining the Jesuits.

4. He received his doctorate in 1916.

5. He began teaching at the University of Freiburg in 1914.

7. Finish the sentences according to the text:

1. He studied the theology and philosophy of …

2. He studied with…

3. Heidegger spent his entire life asking one question…

4. Although he was strongly influenced by…

5. In 1923, he became a professor…

11. Insert the right prepositions where necessary*:

1. Influenced … the ancient Greeks as well as Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and Dilthey, as well as Husserl, it was an exploration … the verb «to be», particularly … the standpoint … a human being … time.

2. He studied … Heinrich Rickert and with Husserl.

3. … 1927, he published his masterwork, «Being and Tim e».

4. He studied the theology and philosophy … the Middle Ages.

5. Behind all our day-to-day living … that matter, … all our philosophical and scientific investigations … that life, how is it that we «are» at all?

12. Insert the articles where necessary*:

1. He became … professor at … University of Marburg.

2. It was … exploration of … verb «to be».

3. What is it … «to be»?

4. Densely and obscurely written, it was nevertheless well received all over Europe, though not in … English-speaking world.

5. He studied … theology and philosophy of … Middle Ages, as well as … more recent work of Franz Brentano.

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