Topic 2

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Topic 1

Unit 4 Supplementary Reading Texts

Find modal verbs in the following sentences. Translate them into Russian. Pay special attention

Translate the sentences into Russian. Pay special attention to the meaning and use of the modal

verb dare:

2.1 You know how Crystal feels about you. I expect she daren’t even think about you now.

2.2 She did not dare to break his mysterious stillness.

2.3 Don’t you dare to bite Toto.

2.4 He dared scarcely think of the woman. He was afraid.

2.5 The girl sprung up. “How dare you ask me such a question. It’s insulting!”

3 Translate into English using the modal verbs:

3.1 Мы можем закончить эту работу сегодня.

3.2 Я не мог ответить на второй вопрос.

3.3 Ты сможешь поехать туда летом?

3.4 Он мог бы посетить их, но не сделал этого.

3.5 Не может быть, чтобы они провалились на экзамене.

3.6 Неужели она забыла нас?

3.7 Можно мне включить свет?

3.8 Я могу достать билеты заранее.

3.9 Может, главный инженер вернётся завтра.

3.10 Возможно, она не знает твоего адреса.

3.11 Студенты должны готовиться к экзаменам.

3.12 На экзамене вам нельзя пользоваться словарём.

3.13 Они, наверное, всё ещё обсуждают этот вопрос.

3.14 Вы, наверное, уже перевели эту статью.

3.15 Вам следовало бы делать утреннюю зарядку.

3.16 Им следует быть внимательнее на уроках.

3.17 Нам стереть с доски?

3.18 Он получит новую квартиру в следующем году.

3.19 Подойдите, пожалуйста, к доске!

3.20 Мы охотно пойдём с вами в театр сегодня вечером.

3.21 Чемодан никак не закрывается.

3.22 Вам не нужно было учить текст наизусть.

3.23 Он имел смелость задать нам такой вопрос.

3.24 Как вы смеете напоминать ей об этом!

3.25 Не смей даже думать об этом!

to the meaning of the modal verbs:

4.1 People shouldn’t feel helpless. Something ought to be done.

4.2 I have very little time for social conversation, you must excuse me.

4.3 You can’t apologize just by saying “I apologize”, not in that tone.

4.4 I may be totally uneducated, but at least I can make bread and butter.

4.5 We shall never be able to explain that.

4.6 You oughtn’t to spend the winter in London with that cough in your chest.

4.7 I’ve written to him, but he won’t answer.

4.8 You needn’t lose temper. I’m only demanding you to do your duty.

4.9 He told her about it twice, but she wouldn’t listen to him.

4.10 I cannot and will not have scenes like this in the room where I work.

4.11 Shall I do this exercise in written form?

4.12 We think that child should be taken home.

4.13 The English nurse was to arrive on Monday morning.

4.14 I just don’t see why we have to spoil a pleasant evening.

4.15 He must have told you he wanted to go back.

Introduction to the WWW and the Internet

Millions of people around the world use the Internet to search for and retrieve information on all sorts of top­ics in a wide variety of areas including the arts, business, government, humanities, news, politics and recreation. People communicate through electronic mail (e-mail), discussion groups, chat channels and other means of in­formational exchange. They share information and make commercial and business transactions. All this activity is possible because tens of thousands of networks are con­nected to the Internet and exchange information in the same basic ways.

The World Wide Web (WWW) is a part of the Internet. But it’s not a collection of networks. Rather, it is information that is connected or linked together like a web. You access this information through one interface or tool called a Web browser. The number of resources and serv­ices that are part of the World Wide Web is growing ex­tremely fast. In 1996 there were more than 20 million users of the WWW, and more than half the information that is transferred across the Internet is accessed through the WWW. By using a computer terminal (hard­ware) connected to a network that is a part of the Internet, and by using a program (software) to browse or retrieve information that is a part of the World Wide Web, the people connected to the Internet and World Wide Web through the local providers have access to a variety of information. Each browser provides a graphi­cal interface. You move from place to place, from site to site on the Web by using a mouse to click on a portion of text, icon or region of a map. These items are called hyperlinks or links. Each link you select represents a document, an image, a video clip or an audio file some­where on the Internet. The user doesn’t need to know where it is, the browser follows the link.

All sorts of things are available on the WWW. One can use Internet for recreational purposes. Many TV and radio stations broadcast live on the WWW. Essentially, if something can be put into digital format and stored in a computer, then it’s available on the WWW. You can even visit museums, gardens, cities throughout the world, learn foreign languages and meet new friends. And, of course, you can play computer games through WWW, competing with partners from other countries and continents.

Just a little bit of exploring the World Wide Web will show you what a lot of use and fun it is.

Vocabulary:

World Wide Web – «Всемирная Паутина»

to retrieve – извлекать

variety – разнообразие, спектр

recreation – развлечение

network – сеть

to share – делить

humanities – гуманитарные науки

business transactions – коммерческие операции

access – доступ

to browse – рассматривать, разглядывать

browser – браузер (программа поиска информации)

to provide – обеспечивать (чем-либо)

provider – провайдер (компания, предоставляющая доступ к WWW через местные телефонные сети)

broadcast live – передавать в прямом эфире

site – страница, сайт

to link – соединять

hyperlink – гиперссылка

to compete - соревноваться

Tasks:

1 Answer the following questions:

1.1 What is Internet used for?

1.2 Why so many activities such as e-mail and business transactions аге possible through the Internet?

1.3 What is World Wide Web?

1.4 What is Web browser?

1.5 What does а user need to have an access to the WWW?

1.6 What аге hyperlinks?

1.7 What resources аге available оп the WWW?

1.8 What аге the basic recreational applications of WWW?

2 Which of the listed below statements аге true/false. Specify your answer using the text:

2.1 There аге still not so many users of the Internet.

2.2 Тhеrе is information оn all sorts of topics оn the Internet, including education and weather

forecasts.

2.3 People саn communicate through e-mail and chat programs only.

2.4 Internet is tens of thousands of networks which exchange the information in the same basic way.

2.5 You can access information available оn the World Wide Web through the Web browser.

2.6 You need а computer (hardware) and а special pro gram (software) to bе а WWW user.

2.7 You move from site to site bу clicking оn а portion of text only.

2.8 Еvеrу time the user wants to move somewhere оn the web he/she needs to step bу step enter links

and addresses.

2.9 Films and pictures аге not available оn the Internet.

2.10 Radio and ТV-broadcasting is а future оf Internet. They’re not available yet.

3 Define the following using the vocabulary:

3.1 Internet

3.2 World Wide Web

3.3 Web browser

3.4 Internet provider

3.5 Hyperlinks

4 Translate the sentences into English:

4.1 Объём ресурсов и услуг, которые являются частью WWW, растёт чрезвычайно быстро.

4.2 Каждая ссылка, выбранная вами, представляет документ, графическое изображение,

видеоклип или аудио-файл где-то в Интернете.

4.3 Интернет может быть также использован для целей развлечения.

4.4 Вы получаете доступ к ресурсам Интернет через интерфейс или инструмент, который

называется веббраузер.

4.5 Вся эта деятельность возможна благодаря десят­кам тысяч компьютерных сетей,

подключенных к Интернет и обменивающихся информацией в одном режиме.

4.6 Пользователи общаются через электронную по­чту, дискуссионные группы, чэт-каналы

(многоканальный разговор в реальном времени) и другие средства информационного обмена.

5 Match the following:

5.1 You access the information through one interface оr tool called а...

5.2 People connected to the WWW through the local... have access to а variety of information.

5.3 The user doesn’t need to know where the site is, the... follows the...

5.4 In 1996 there were more than 20 million users of the...

5.5 Each... provides а graphical interface.

5.6 Local... charge money for their services to access... resources.

Words to match with:

web browser, providers, link, WWW.

6 Questions for group discussion:

6.1 Some people think that Internet is very harmful, especially for young people, because it carries а lot

of information about sex, drugs, violence and terrorism. Do you think that some kind of censorship

is necessary on the WWW?

6.2 World famous authors and publishers say that the Internet violates their copyright because Web-

programmers put all kinds of books, pictures, music, films and programs free on the Internet and

this reduces their sales and profits.

6.3 Has anyone in your group experience working on the Internet? Ask them about the difficulties they

had, about useful information retrieved, about fun they got.

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